How Does Real Estate Affect the US Economy Assignment

How Does Real Estate Affect the US Economy - Assignment Example It might be interesting to note that many sources define real estate as "land and everything made permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein" (Real Estate 2007). It is important to remember that the land may not be worth very much in and of itself. It is valuable because of the interest it holds for the owner. Perhaps the land is valuable because of its position in relation to something else. Or it could be valuable because of what lies underneath the soil such as oil, minerals, or even archeological treasures. Or perhaps valuable things reside on its surfaces such as timber, animals, or historical sites. Or it could simply be that the most valuable asset of land is what it can be used for. It then becomes clear that the true purpose of real estate is to create a situation in which the land is developed so it is being used to appropriately further the interest of its owner. According to a brief review of real estate in Wikipedia (Real Estate 2008) real estate covers every step in the process of acquiring or disposing of land. When an individual wishes to find a particular property she may consult a real estate brokerage in hopes of either buying property or investing in the property.   Some individuals wish to retain ownership of their property for a variety of reasons but may allow others to use it. They may rent out the buildings or give permission for the land to be farmed or for a profit-generating structure to be built on it. In cases where the primary purpose of a property is to make a profit those involved move into the area of commercial real estate. Commercial real estate can involve the building of a hospital, parking garage, shopping mall, and in some cases (especially for tax and loan purposes) residential structures which will house a specific number of people (Real Estate 2008). Keeping in mind that real estate includes the buildings as well as the land such individuals may require assistance in keeping up with all the things required of the myriad options and transactions required in dealing with property. Real estate has taken this into account and created yet another subfield called property management that devotes its time and resources to exactly this sort of arrangement. Property management tends to be a highly sought real estate service especially among those individuals who own several properties that are rented out and for commercial properties (Real Estate 2008).

Port Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Port Management - Essay Example These include increased competition among ports, changes in transport technology and ports, and internal competition for global markets. Over the recent years, lending agencies and governments have come to agree on the view that the participation of the private sector can be a powerful tool for improving the performance of port assets. Many government officials and port managers believe that privatization is the only way in which the performance of public port organizations can be improved. This view emerges from the believe that some specific characteristics of the private sector are very critical in the achievement of the desired commercial success in ports. Currently, many ports have undergone reformations with an aim of reducing the role of government in port operations. In this case, the government is supposed to maintain the landlord function only. Port reform also enables a port to obtain financial autonomy and achieve increase productivity. The aim of this report is to analyz e the benefits and burdens of port reform with respect to existing forms of reform. The main objective of the report is to analyze the benefit offered by each form of port reform. Finally, the paper determines if the benefits of port reform overweigh its burdens. 2.0 Benefits of port reform 2.1 Forms of port reform strategy The overall benefit of port reform is improved operational and organizational performance. This can be achieved through the adoption of an appropriate form of port reform strategy. These forms include commercialization, privatization, corporation, liberalization or deregulation port services and modernization of Port Administration and management. These strategies present different benefits hence they are normally chosen depending on setting of the specific port. 2.1.1 Commercialization In commercialization, a public port is not changed into a private company. However, the port authorities apply accounting and management principles which are similar to those of p rivate companies. The main benefits that commercialization offers to a port is the attainment of increased accountability and autonomy in terms of decision-making and overall performance. This means that a port is free to adopt the characteristics and practices of private sector and the end results of such step improved efficiency and profitability. Commercialization as a reform strategy is characterized by decentralization of the decision-making process. This means the port management does not have to wait for a government dictate each and everything that happens in the port. Instead, they are able to make prompt decisions or change former decisions as dictated by circumstances. Decentralization also encourages specialization which is important in the delivery of quality services or leadership. Gos (1990) states that the involvement of government in port management complicates the hierarchy of its management hence commercialization as a port reform strategy therefore helps to relax this hierarchy. This enables the port management to exercise more control over, procurement and purchasing, budgeting, hiring and firing, maintenance strategies and

Diplomacy in International Relations

Diplomacy in International Relations Each century believes that its time is exclusive and uncommon, an ideal change from past actions and how international relations was regulated. Diplomacy is an art and process of handling and managing negotiations, usually between states and/or states’ representatives, it involves mediation and intervention of trained diplomats regarding matters of trade, culture, human rights, peace and reconciliation, economy, security, wars and the environment. Diplomacy is usually operated under the institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) which serves and acts as the principal contact for diplomatic and strategic missions, it also works with established institutions through which its diplomatic services are realised (Embassies and Consulates). The Embassy serves as a representative building that houses diplomats (envoys, ministers, and ambassadors, consulates). It served as a point where citizens and tourists can go to, to seek for help in the circumstances of any trouble. Dip lomats often work within the MFA in the capacity of representation, advocacy, negotiation, policy advice and representation and policy coordination. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in its contemporary model has evolved as a major system and school of the Westphalia order that is it can be seen as a combination of procedures, rules, standards and patters that controls and coordinates formal communication and interaction among nations. Diplomacy operates differently from one state to the other based on practices and conducts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that has increasingly evolved over many years of interstate communications. This system is entrenched within the MFA through which messages and information is passed across to and from domestic governments and foreign governments; advice on policies of international matters, conducting foreign affairs. In present times, as a result of revolution, the institutionalised methods of interaction between states is under pressure. The a im of this essay is to examine to what extent the MFA is an evolving institution. The evolution of the MFA is examined within the context of traditional diplomacy as posited by Young (1921), this will be contrasted with text Jorge (2006) which explores the MFA as a continuum through the rise of multilateral diplomacy which is a shift away from bilateral diplomacy. Traditional diplomacy also referred to as old diplomacy. In earlier times to mid nineteenth century, the MFA, which is a body through which the foreign affairs of a country is managed, practised traditional diplomacy solely (Young 1921) Traditional diplomacy can be examined in three scopes; the structure which is based on state approach where the state is the principal actor in international affairs, the process which has been a private affair for a very long time due to its bilateral nature, it depended on a limited frame work instead of other diplomatic approaches and lastly, the agenda of traditional diplomacy which is basically on security matters (Anderson 1993). Traditional diplomacy as practised under the MFA rested on the premise of the charismatic nature of the society, it relied on a form of limited social contact which had elements of stereotype ideas of gentle and noble diplomats. Aristocrats were the major players in the time when traditional diplomacy was strictly pract ised by foreign affairs institutions as a result of the priority placed on ownership of property, the distinctiveness of the appointment procedures of diplomats and also the idea that only certain class and members of the society has the essential character to be outstanding diplomats (Young 1921). Calculated efforts were made to manage and carry out diplomatic activities secretly the foreign office (MFA) usually responded with consternation whenever those outside the aristocratic class get wind of diplomatic business or try to gain knowledge of foreign office activities (Kennan 1984). The activities of the MFA was in most cases shielded from public scrutiny and perusal, this is because the appointments of diplomats within the foreign office is tightly controlled and managed by the executive arm of the government and in some cases, they were under the direct ruling of the monarch, this was encouraged due to the nineteenth century limited size of the diplomatic society (Kissinger 201 2). During the most part of the 19th century, embassies were few, hence, there was limited room to get into the top level in the diplomatic community and service. In the late 1860s, Britain had only 7 embassies around the world due to its practice of old diplomacy and the limitations this practice to expansion of the MFA roles and functions (Watson 1984). The MFA’s function is to coordinate and manage bilateral and multilateral relations between nations and its state, it also managed administration, protocol and consular activities. Although traditional diplomacy has been the bedrock of contemporary diplomacy under the MFA, it is considerably and extensively supplemented by new features which shows the evolving institution of the MFA as posited by Young (1921). Jorge (2006) asserts that the conception of multilateral diplomacy accounts for the evolving institution of MFAs around the world. Multilateral diplomacy has to totally taken the place of bilateral diplomacy rather, beach has individual roles to play and are both means by which countries seek after their goals and objectives, this indicates that bilateral and multilateral diplomacy are both embedded in the international structure the practice of multilateral diplomacy has increased over the years which involves a dramatic shift in how international actors operates and also foreign policy at the end of the cold war (Langhorne 2005: 332). There are two major determinants that accounts for the evolution of the MFA; the emergence of new communication and information techniques and its influence on the diplomatic process, the rise of various diplomatic actors, (non-state actors in particular) which has become a primary part of international affairs and relations, therefore, state actors a re no longer sole participants in the diplomatic process, a few scholars have termed this to be the end of state actors’ involvement (Winston 1992)diplomacy under the MFA is now experiencing major transformations in reaction to the developments in information technology, which does not only have enormous effects on the diplomatic process but which has also brought about other models of diplomacy; public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, transformational diplomacy, diaspora diplomacy and virtual diplomacy (Jorge 2006). Multilateral diplomacy fully emerged in the twentieth century after the establishment of the League of Nations created after the First World War and also the creation of the United Nations after the Second World War due to the increase in globalisation and inter dependency between nation states. The MFA has evolved and embraced multilateral diplomacy more than ever before. As the world becomes more accessible with the aid of advancement in technology, it is becomin g more interdependent which furthers the MFA’s evolution, with the conception and establishment of such international organisations like; Arab League, United Nations, European Union, African Union, and others (Kelly 2010:290). The need for cooperation in a world that is becoming more globalised has led to the evolution of the MFA from its past feature of involving only state actors to the inclusion of non-state actors 9Jorge 2006) Further to thus, the September 9, 2011 attack signified the age of globalization and the knowledge that evil and terrorism has become borderless, the aggressors that perpetuated this act used the elements of globalization; internet, mass media and mass travel, to achieve the terrorist actions. International menace and perils is now, more challenging to individual states because these threats have no respect for borders and boundaries. Famine, migration, climate change, diseases, terrorism, cyber-attacks and transnational crime are increasing in the international arena(Jorge 2006). Multilateral diplomacy involves various actors and also encourages collective responsibility. Individual and organisation involvement in diplomacy is increasing and has made the MFA more polygonal because the menace challenging the world today does not only affects individual nation states, it affects the safety and preservation of humanity in general. The MFA is an evolving institution due to the rising mu ltipolar nature of the world, visa application that required one’s physical presence to fill forms can now be done directly through the internet. Gathering of information is also an aspect where MFA has evolved, access to information has been the major responsibility of diplomats, the monopoly of information by the MFA has drastically reduced because the activities of foreign offices has become increasingly open after the second world war and also the involvement of public participation in conflicts that resulted and is resulting to warfare (Saddiki 2001:95). The diplomatic mission need not be directed by the MFA to manually search for documents which would be sent by post or through diplomatic travels which is time consuming and exhausting other these documents can now be found quacking through the internet and online archives, these can now be sent to representatives of other states with immediate effects. Thus, the MFA as an institution has evolved from basically pen and p aper, bogus use of intermediaries to fast paced internet access and disintermediation where the exclusive use of diplomats as intermediaries has been cut down. Diplomats are increasingly relinquishing their former role of gathering and transmission of data and are now more concerned with new high level diplomatic activities. Classical administrative processes carried out by MFAs in the past has been simplified through the use of the internet which has helped to save time, cost and also makes it possible for more parties to be involved in the negotiation process (Akasha 2012). The MFA as an evolving institution has evolved from its practice of exclusive old diplomacy to imbibing the elements of public diplomacy. Public diplomacy operates beyond governmental activities, it spreads to the private sector activities and further to the society at large and the conventions of a people. Leonard (2002) claims that public diplomacy is for the common good when looking at how effective and useful it is has become. It is basically to promote the interests of a nation through comprehending, communicating knowledge and moulding/shaping targeted country’s opinions, it is about relationship building, understanding other nations’ culture, people and needs, passing across ideas, mending false perception, gaining positive grounds and working towards a common goal. it goes beyond the MFAs old practise of traditional diplomacy, it is hinged on the basis that a nation’s image, prominence and notoriety should not be private but public which can either create a facilitating or debilitating environment for exchange (trade, educational, cultural and otherwise). It improves people’s knowledge and awareness of one’s country and its relationship with foreign states, strengthens relations and cooperation through a multi-dimensional process. This approach to diplomacy by MFAs seeks to grasp the rising trends in international relations where we see a number of private individuals, NGOs and private organisations acting as frontiers of their nation’s policy to exchange and partake with other countries. Globalisation has extremely made it possible for the MFA to be evolving and has also incorporating non-state actors to be empowered and also promotes their relevance in the international level (American Security Project 2013). Public diplomacy is a transparent method through which countries relate with other countries and its people for the purpose of enlightening and shaping their views solely for the aim of furthering the int erests and also making sure its foreign policy aims are promoted, it is a conception that has evolved over the years. The major feature of public diplomacy is direct communication with the people of foreign nations, influencing foreign governments through its citizens and also putting forth the image of one’s country in a positive light. It deals with factual discourse and clarification of a country’s foreign policy and culture to foreign audiences, boosting understanding, listening and engaging in dialogue (Leonard 2010). The British Broadcast Commission is an example of the use of public diplomacy, although partly funded by the British government, it is independent of its influence, this media corporation aims is to promote the British image positively through programs that show cases its culture, traditions and people thereby attracting foreign relations (Leonard 2010). The Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme is also an organisation through which public diplomacy is practised, where university and college graduates are invited to be participants of cultural and educational exchange, they are given the opportunity to hold position within Japan and experience first-hand, the way of life of the people of Japan, this programme has been able to extend the goodwill and also promote foreign relations (Melissen 2005). Greenpeace is a very good example of the involvement of non-state actors in diplomatic processes, its main goal is to ensure global environmental stability by directing its energy towards issues like; deforestation, nuclear weapons production, climate change, overfishing and the likes, using such tools like; campaigns (lobbying), direct actions and investigation (research) (Jennifer 2011). Even as a non-state actor. It has been a participatory member of the London Convention since 1983.it played an enormous role in the campaign against waste dumping into oceans and it is recognised as one of the major popular and enduring campaigns against environmental decline, the use of celebrities to champion causes and act as informal representatives of states. A further example is the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions’ (CHRE) significant contribution to Kosovo’s Protection of Land and Property Rights by developing the Housing and Property Directorate (which is now Kosovo†™s Property Agency within the scheme of the United Nations interim administration mission in Kosovo(Kelly 2010: 290). Jorge (2006) examines the challenges faced by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an evolving institution. Globalization is a major problem to nations, the problem is mostly obvious in the financial contingency that has befallen many nations like Indonesia, Brazil. This challenge does not only tow the line of economy. Within the political arena, the number of forces which has given rise to the continuous evolution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (diplomacy); inter-state dependency, low cost of communication, which has resulted to an increase in the number of non-state actors, churches, private individuals, has led to complex decision making by the government and legislative arm, where all these external actors have to be engaged and involved in diplomatic processes which, many at times, leads to diverse opinions and agreements that could further cause a divide(Jennifer 2011). In conclusion, the diplomatic agenda of MFAs has evolved since the onset of globalization of international relations and the end of the cold war, the end to strict and stiff alliances, the departure of the Soviet menace and threat, and the rise of democracy which is being practised in more nations than before is a major impact on the evolution of MFA which has led to more activities on regional and international levels due to the interconnectedness of states. It’s a crucial instrument for providing solutions to global threats and challenges such ass labour and human rights, humanitarian aids, trade and others, Kerr and Wiseman (2012). The conception and increase of the involvement of non-state actors and non-governmental organisations after the cold war also depicts the evolving institution of MFA especially issues relating to the society; the involvement of International Campaign to Ban Landmines (which is a non-governmental organisation) is seen as a major factor that influe nced many countries into signing the Ottawa treaty to ban the use of landmines in 1997. As most things in life, the MFA has evolved over the centuries and is still evolving, these changes has been defined by two major periods which are identified in terms of the practice of old (traditional) diplomacy and new (multilateral) diplomacy, Hamilton and Langhorne(2011). Nijhoff (2009) attributes the evolution of the MFA to the critical shift in the basis of old diplomacy procedures and the world wide integration of international relations including the evolution of communication methods. Thus, international agenda now has new concerns and issues. Further changes and evolution of MFA is anticipated as the years go by and as world politics changes. References Akasha, M. O. (2012). ‘Evolution of Diplomacy’. Social Science Research Network [online]. Available from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2220467> [29 December 2014] American Security Project (2013) Propaganda: A Tool of Strategic Influence [online] available from http://www.Americasecurityproject.org/fact-sheet-propaganda-a-tool-of-strategic-influence/> [20 December 2014] Anderson, M. S. (1993). The rise of modern diplomacy, 1450-1919. London: Longman. Berridge, G. R. (1995). Diplomacy: theory and practice (p. 33). London: Prentice Hall. Constantinou, C. M., Der Derian, J. (2010). Sustaining global hope: sovereignty, power and the transformation of diplomacy Hamilton, K., Langhorne, R. (2011). The practice of diplomacy: its evolution, theory, and administration. New York: Routledge Jennifer, M (2011) Culture of Diplomacy : Britain in Europe, C. 1750-1830. Manchester: Manchester University Press Jorge, H. (2006) ‘On the Manner of Practising New Diplomacy’. The Centre for International Governance Innovation Kelley, J. R. (2010). The new diplomacy: Evolution of a revolution. Diplomacy Statecraft, 21(2), 286-305. Kennan, G. F. (1984). American diplomacy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Kerr, P., Wiseman, G. (2012). Diplomacy in a Globalizing World. London: Oxford University Press Kissinger, H. (2012). Diplomacy. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperbacks Leonard, M. (2002) Public Diplomacy. London; The Foreign Policy Centre Langhorne, R. (2005).’ The diplomacy of non-state actors’. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 16(2), 331-339. Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy. New York: Palmgrave Macmillan Melissen, J. (2005). Wielding Soft Power: The New Public Diplomacy. Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Nye, J. S. (2008). Understanding international conflicts. New York: Longman. Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 94-109. Roberts, W. R. (2006). The evolution of diplomacy. Mediterranean Quarterly, 17(3), 55-64. Saddiki, S. (2006). ‘Diplomacy in a Changing World’. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 5(4), 93-105. Watson A (1984) Diplomacy: the Dialogue Between States. Britain: Eyre Methuen ltd. Young, G. (1921). Diplomacy Old and New. Swarthmore Press

gatdream The Great American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Great Gatsby and the American Dream Everyone wants to be successful in life, but most often people take the wrong ways to get there. In the 1920’s the American Dream was something that everyone struggled to have. A spouse, children, money, a big house and a car meant that someone had succeeded in life. A very important aspect was money and success was determined greatly by it. This was not true in all cases however. The belief that every man can rise to success no matter what his beginnings. Jay Gatsby was a poor boy that turned into a very wealthy man, but did he live the American Dream? Money is actually the only thing that Gatsby had a lot of. Jay Gatsby tries to live the life of The American Dream, but fails in his battle. I became aware of the old island here that flowered once for Dutch sailors’ eyes – a fresh, green breast of the new world. Its vanished trees, the trees that had made way for Gatsby’s house, had once pandered in whispers to the last and greatest of all human dreams; for a transitory enchanted moment man must have held his breath in the presence of this continent, compelled into an aesthetic contemplation he neither understood nor desired, face to face for the last time in history with something commensurate to his capacity for wonder. (P. 171). On his last visit to Gatsby’s house, Nick realizes that Gatsby’s belief in life and love resembles the hope and faith of those early Dutch sailors coming to America, looking forward to freedom and spiritual and material jubilation. With this in mind, we can be sure that Gatsby is the reflection of the American Dream. So, in what way is Gatsby representative of the American Dream? After people have determined their specific aspirations, they need to structure a course of actions to achieve them in order to bring their dreams to reality. For Gatsby, his dream is very easily realized, to a certain extent, by virtue of his immense ambition and idealism. As described by Nick in the novel, Gatsby has an "extraordinary gift for hope", which has never been found in any other person: If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away.

Bridging Deontological and Teleological Ethical Perspectives

Buddhism espouses the concept of â€Å"karma† which refers to the chains of causes and events in the universe (Reichenbach, p. 137). A person who has experienced something good in life is said to have good karma whereas the opposite is true for the person who has experienced something bad. In a way, karma serves as the law of moral causation precisely because moral and immoral acts result to good and bad consequences, respectively. Thus, doing something good can ultimately lead to a morally sound consequence whereas doing something bad can eventually lead to an immoral effect.In any case, the â€Å"something† in â€Å"doing something† can be either right or wrong in itself. Similarly, the â€Å"something† in â€Å"doing something† can also be either right or wrong with respect to its consequences. Taking the Buddhist concept of karma and using it within the context of ethics, the result is an understanding of the connection between karma, deontologi cal and teleological ethics. For the most part, deontological ethics is a branch of ethics that deals with the moral worth of actions.That is, the moral worth of something depends on the rightness or wrongness of the act that causes it. For instance, aborting an unborn fetus in order to save the mother is morally wrong essentially because abortion kills a living being and is, therefore, wrong in the first place. In deontological ethics, the rightness or wrongness of an act is fundamental in determining whether an action is ethical or unethical, which implies that the basis for saying whether an act is moral or immoral is the act itself.Connecting that thought with the Buddhist concept of karma, the totality of all the chains of causes and effects in the world is the summation of all actions that are inherently good or evil regardless of their consequences. As a result, the foundation of the Buddhist concept of karma when viewed from a deontological ethical perspective is the action itself no matter what the consequence may be. While deontological ethics treats actions and their consequences separately when identifying the moral worth of actions, it does not mean however that actions and their consequences are inherently separate.Rather, they remain tied insofar as they remain causes and effects to one another. On the other hand, teleological ethics is primarily concerned with the consequences of actions in determining their moral worth, which is why most teleological ethical theories are also called consequentialist ethical theories. The moral worth of an action can be gauged in terms of the consequences it leads to. For instance, aborting a child may save the mother, thereby making the act of abortion in the specific circumstance morally permissible and ethical at the same time.So long as the consequences are favorable, an action remains moral as far as teleological ethical theory is concerned. With that in mind, the Buddhist concept of karma sits comfortably with teleological ethics. That is because karma involves both causes and effects; no action can be determined as either right or wrong if there is no consideration for the consequences it leads to. Taken as a whole, there is strong reason to believe that karma shares several revealing characteristics with the philosophical formulations of both deontological and teleological ethical theories.In most case, teleological and deontological ethical theories are often placed on extreme poles primarily because each treats the moral worth of action in distinct ways. However, the Buddhist concept of karma can provide a common ground for both ethical theories at least in terms of one thing—the causation of events in the universe. Buddhist Karma and Deontology Immanuel Kant is one of the foremost philosophers who favored deontology throughout his career. Kant once argued that human beings should not be treated as means to an end but as the ends themselves (Sokoloff, p.770). In other wor ds, a person should not use another person as a way for him to achieve his desires. Rather, that person ought to treat the other person with respect and dignity precisely because the welfare of other persons should be at the helm of every human pursuit. That idea closely resembles the â€Å"golden rule† which proposes that a person should act towards other people in the way that he expects himself to be treated by others. Deontological ethics, therefore, prescribes that actions are morally right because of their morally right nature.Given the fact that karma in general is the totality of all causes and effects in the universe, it can also be said as the totality of all the interactions among human beings with other fellow human beings. Although karma is not entirely limited to such an interpretation, it nevertheless accepts the fact that interpersonal interaction—apart from humanity’s interaction with the surrounding environment—can be the respective caus es of certain effects and effects of certain causes.A society can be composed of individuals treating one another as means to an end, as ends themselves or a combination thereof. Take all societies in the world and the picture becomes broader yet clearer. In a way, interpersonal interaction has a substantial role in the general karma of all things. There are countless numbers of individuals from across the world taking part in the activities that occur on a daily basis. Somewhere in North Korea, there may be a person who is morally condemned for constantly threatening neighboring countries through the testing of potentially dangerous nuclear armaments.Somewhere in the United States, a policeman avoids offers of bribe due to the belief that the act of bribing in itself is morally wrong even though the money given can be enough to sustain the officer’s family’s financial needs for another month. Somewhere in Saudi Arabia, a man pays respect to his elders by making them h appy through gifts because he believes that his elders are human beings who deserve all the happiness in the world just like anybody else. These interactions and all the rest happening in the world as we speak comprise a portion of the general karma of things.Performing actions that are inherently ethical or unethical can influence the way in which karma takes places. The favor may be returned or not. Either way, both ethical and unethical actions play a role in the chains of causes and effects in the universe. Buddhist Karma and Teleology The key principle in teleological ethical theory is the idea that an action is morally right or wrong depending on its consequences. One version of that idea is utilitarianism which grants that an action is good if it leads to the greatest benefit of the greatest number (Freeman, p.313). Conversely, a person’s actions or decisions are morally right if it actually promotes the welfare of the wide majority of people involved or concerned in t he situation. On the other hand, an action is wrong if it does the exact opposite, which is either to promote the welfare of the few or to cause harm to the majority. Teleological ethics, therefore, implies that the consequences of an action largely determine its moral worth. In the case of utilitarianism, determining the moral worth of an action is possible if the consequences can be quantified.If teleological ethics depends on the consequences of actions, it will also naturally involve the relationship between the cause and effect of any given circumstance. In effect, good karma can be characterized as karma resulting from the good consequences of an individual’s actions or decisions. On the other hand, bad karma can be characterized as karma resulting from the bad consequences of a person’s acts. In both cases, there is the presumption that there are causes in the same way as there are effects.That presumption underscores the principle that the relationship between causes and effects significantly determines not only the rightness or wrongness of actions but also their good and bad valuations in terms of Buddhist karma. When taken from the broadest perspective of teleological ethics, karma can be seen occurring in almost every part of the globe. A president of a certain first-world country deciding to aid people living in impoverished countries through foreign aid can certainly give good consequences to an immense number of people.In effect, the benefits these people will be receiving through the aid can be said as part of their good karma. On the other hand, the praises from the international community and the appreciation of the people at the receiving end of the foreign aid can also be said as part of the good karma for the president. Another example is when one nation decides to declare war on another distant nation. The results can be devastating, the most significant of which is the possible loss of countless lives.For both sides partici pating in the war, the bad karma can be easily seen not only for the people who lived to witness and experience firsthand the atrocities of the war but also for the generations that will follow. Karma interpreted in the context of teleological ethics can also refer to ordinary events on a smaller scale. A person taking the law into his own hands by murdering another person for vengeance will be jailed. Consequently, the jailing of the murder convict can be said as a form of bad karma. A person gaining a new friend by sharing the table to another stranger in the public library can be said as good karma.At any rate, the consequences of our actions determine our actions’ moral worth, and it is from the relationship between the consequences and the actions where Buddhist karma can be taken from. Deontology’s Karma versus Teleology’s Karma What are the differences between deontology’s karma and teleology’s karma? For the most part, it can be said that b oth deontological and teleological ethics attempt to categorize moral worth of actions, the former in terms of the nature of the actions and the latter in terms of their consequences.Although the difference largely rests on what to use as the basis for the moral worth of an action, the undeniable similarity is that both ethical theories touch the Buddhist concept of karma. At the least, the concept of karma provides the common ground for the ethical theories that are commonly labeled as anti-thesis to one another. Since karma presupposes causes and effects, it must also deal with the relationships that exist between them.On one hand, the relationship can be viewed in terms of the â€Å"cause† determining its own moral worth independently from the â€Å"effect†. On the other hand, the relationship can also be viewed in terms of the â€Å"effect† determining the moral worth of the â€Å"cause†. In both instances, the causes naturally lead to their effects e ven though the basis for identifying their moral worth differs. As Kaufman writes, karma is â€Å"not only about the causes of an effect insomuch as it is not only about the effects of a cause in any given circumstance.Rather, it is about the marriage of the two† (Kaufman, p. 16). This inseparability of the cause from the effect—or vice versa—in terms of Buddhist karma is the reason why it can be said that deontological and teleological ethics are looking at the same coin only focusing on different sides, so to speak. They look at the same relationships although each one concentrates on a distinct angle—deontology on the cause and teleology on the effect. Karma and General Ethics Damien Keown writes that karma â€Å"inevitably concerns a person’s character† (Keown, p.331). That is because a person’s character can influence his actions and decisions as well as the effects of such actions and decisions. In effect, the chains of universa l causes and effects involve the overall moral characters of all people. Karma becomes intertwined, as it does in fact, with the ethical inclinations of individuals. In general, ethics is concerned with the rightness or wrongness of things. It offers a wide array of ethical precepts which people are expected to follow in order to live morally upright lives.Karma, on the other hand, implies a person’s capacity to make his own decisions and, therefore, his capacity to self-determination as opposed to abiding by a predetermined fate. Taken together, ethics provides options for individuals to fully realize the things that they want to achieve. Ethics provides frameworks for people to use in order to make decisions and enact them based on what is morally permissible. Keeping in line with what is morally permissible is said to lead to good karma while deviating from what is moral can lead to bad karma.Deontological and teleological ethics are just two of the ethical doctrines that individuals can follow in order to attain a favorable karma. Although deontological and teleological ethics are both unique to the point that they contradict one another in terms of what to use as basis for determining the moral worth of actions, they also come into terms within the context of the Buddhist karma. They share the common belief in the causation of things; everything happens for a reason. Either the cause in itself is the reason for the act’s moral worth or the effect determines the moral worth of the action.Works Cited Freeman, Samuel. â€Å"Utilitarianism, Deontology, and the Priority of Right. † Philosophy and Public Affairs 23. 4 (1994): 313-49. Kaufman, Whitley R. P. â€Å"Karma, Rebirth, and the Problem of Evil. † Philosophy East and West 55. 1 (2005): 15-32. Keown, Damien. â€Å"Karma, Character, and Consequentialism. † The Journal of Religious Ethics 24. 2 (1996): 329-50. Reichenbach, Bruce R. â€Å"Karma, Causation, and Divine Inter vention. † Philosophy East and West 39. 2 (1989): 135-49. Sokoloff, William W. â€Å"Kant and the Paradox of Respect. † American Journal of Political Science 45. 4 (2001): 768-79.

NUMMI Analysis Essay

The goal of this executive summary is to identify the problems, the major causes, solutions and methods of implementation for the New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. better known as NUMMI. NUMMI though specializes in vehicle manufacturing, was having trouble producing small vehicles. NUMMI workforce also had a horrible reputation. NUMMI would like to successfully reinvent its organization culture and produce high quality vehicles. NUMMI solution is to adopt a new production and management systems. To conclude this report, we will justify why adopting new production and management system will benefit NUMMI and help change its organizational culture. Problem Identification In1983 the New United Motor Manufacturing Inc., Toyota and GM joint venture experiment in a unlikely collaboration to bring a new fleet of profitable small cars to the United States. This partnership took place in Fremont, California in a factory plant called NUMMI. GM objective was to learn how to make small profitable vehicles and learn Toyota production and Management System. Toyota objective on the other hand wanted to simply begin producing vehicles in the United States. GM already had the infrastructure in place that Toyota needed; this lead to their partnership. The workforce at the original GM Fremont factory was well-known to be the worst in producing low quality vehicles in the GM ecosystem. â€Å"The work force in those days had a horrible reputation, frequently going out on strike (sometimes wildcat strikes), filing grievance after grievance and even sabotaging quality.†(Shook 2010) The objective of NUMMI was to devise a plan to help change the culture of the organization. NUMMI would measure there outcomes by successfully reinventing there organization culture and producing high quality vehicles. This level of achievement allowed NUMMI to go from being GM’s worst factory to later becoming one of its best. NUMMI employees where empowered to be accountable for their selves and build quality vehicles. â€Å"What changed the culture was giving employees the means by which they could successfully do their jobs. It was communicating clearly to employees what their jobs were and providing the training and tools to  enable the m to perform those jobs successfully.† (Shook 2010) GM Fremont plant workforce was once considered one of the company’s worst production facilities. At the time, the plant workforce was producing some of the worst quality vehicles for GM; there level of absenteeism regularly ran over 20%, employees would habitually go on strike and sometime known to sabotaging quality. Without changing employees the once dysfunctional manufacturing plant was transformed into a model facility with a new company culture. By adopting Toyota’s production and management system, NUMMI overcame the many obstacles that once prevented its ability to achieve the objectives above. Causes of the Problem As stated before, GM Fremont factory in 1983 was producing extremely low quality vehicles. To try and correct this problem, GM entered a joint venture with Toyota. Toyota faced many challenges partnering with GM. To begin GM didn’t know how to make small profitable vehicles. GM attempts to create small size vehicles ultimately failed thus why reaching out to Toyota. GM also wanted to reinvent its work force production and management systems. This joint venture would allow GM to learn how to make quality small profitable vehicles and more importantly learn Toyotas production and Management System. GM Fremont was well known for having an unsatisfactory workforce. The employees had a terrible company-employee relationship culture and reputation. Employees were known to habitually go on strike, filing grievances were common, and there were employees to go as far as sabotaging quality. â€Å"Toyota had many concerns about transplanting perhaps the most important aspect of its production system — its way of cultivating employee involvement — into a workplace as poor as Fremont. Toyota wondered how workers with such a bad reputation could support it in building in quality. How would they support the concept and practice of teamwork?† (Shook 2010) The work force culture obviously was not a positive one. Employees had an unfavorable outlook of the employers. Company -employee relationship morale  was low thus affecting the company’s culture. GM Fremont facility was failing, due to the plant lack of company-employee relationship culture, production ineffic iency and management systems. Possible Solutions Changing NUMMI company-employee culture was no easy task. Shook stated it best, â€Å"the way to change culture is not to first change how people think, but instead to start by changing how people behave — what they do. Those of us trying to change our organizations’ culture need to define the things we want to do, the ways we want to behave and want each other to behave, to provide training and then to do what is necessary to reinforce those behaviors. The culture will change as a result.† NUMMI empowered its employees to find and solve daily problems and make justified improvements as they see fit. By doing so NUMMI provided its workforce the necessary means to successfully do their jobs. In the article â€Å"The Stop the Line System† was the primary example of this. Stop the line enabled employees with the obligation to stop the assembly line if and when there was a problem. This in turn reassured employees that the company value their opinions and trust them enough to make pertinent decisions. â€Å"Managers have the responsibility to create a proper climate in which employees can develop to their fullest potential. Failure to provide such a climate would theatrically increase employee frustration and could result in poorer performance, lower job satisfaction, and increased withdrawal from the organization.† (Steers and Porter 1983) â€Å"What changed the culture at NUMMI wasn’t an abstract notion of â€Å"employee involvement† or â€Å"a learning organization† or even â€Å"culture† at all. What changed the culture was giving employees the means by which they could successfully do their jobs. It was communicating clearly to employees what their jobs were and providing the training and tools to enable them to perform those jobs successfully.† (Shook 2010) Secondly, NUMMI provided its work force with a since of membership. Employees desired commitment from their employers. NUMMI did not guarantee life time employment, no employer can guarantee that. Instead NUMMI devised a mutual  trust agreement stating that the last thing it wanted to do was lay of its employees. To reassure employees, â€Å"NUMMI wrote into the contract the commitment that before anyone was laid off certain steps would have been taken, including reducing plant operating hours and cutting management bonuses. Employee motivation comes from assuring membership in the organization, rather than from buying and selling time, whatever the price tag. â€Å"(Shook 2010) To further advance and change the culture of the organization; In the hiring process NUMMI allowed certain floor leaders take part in the hiring of their own team members. This in turn gives employees since of responsibility and authority, thus positively changing the culture dynamics of NUMMI company-employee relationship. These are only some of the reason why Shook suggests how NUMMI culture was changed. Additionally, there are many other possible solutions that can be implemented in order to continue to motivate and change an organization culture. For instance, NUMMI can introduce an employee reward/recognition system. The drive to be rewarded or recognized by ones employer should be ample motivation to keep employees satisfied. The reward system could be broken down between the all-around best and worst performers, reward can be tied to individual performance and provide the lead performing employees with an opportunity for advancement. A disadvantage to the reward system would be convincing the entire workforce to continuously give 100% even though there may be a gap in skills amongst fellow workers. â€Å"The challenge therefore for organization is to develop reward system that are perceived to be fair and equitable and distributing the reward in accordance with employees beliefs about their own value to the organization.† (Ramlall 2004) Another method to having an amazing company-employee culture is by having a good work environment. Employees want to go to work to in an environment with a friendly setting, productivity, promote teamwork, collaboration, are respectful, and encourages an since of inclusiveness. A organization never wants to be in a situation where an employee feels as if there working in a hostile environment. â€Å"The consequences of employees perceiving they are not treated fairly can create a variety of options for employees. These options include the employee reducing their input through directly restricting their work output, attempting to increase their output be seeking salaryincreases, seeking more enjoyable assignments or simply withdrawal from the situation entirely, that is, quit the job and seek employment elsewhere.† (Champagne 1989) Lastly, developing jobs positions that are meaningful and challenging where employee roles and duties are clearly defined will help foster a positive organizational culture. For instance, â€Å"Cirque du Soleil, too, is committed to making jobs challenging and fulfilling. Despite grueling rehearsal and performance schedules, it attracts and retains performers by accommodating their creativity and pushing them to perfect their craft. Its employees also get to say a lot about how performances are staged, and they are allowed to move from show to show to learn new skills.† (Nohria, Groysberg, Lee2008) Solutions and Implementation Due to Toyota production and management systems, NUMMI went from being GM’s worst plant to GM’s best plant in just one year. â€Å"All with the exact same workers, including the old troublemakers. The only thing that changed was the production and management system — and, somehow, the culture.† (Shook 2010) There is no one specific solution for changing an organizations culture. The closet explanation explaining why NUMMI’s culture changed was the adoption of Toyota’s production and management system. Toyota’s system was more robust and organized compared to GM’s system. The workforce embraced Toyota’s system because it yielded them more favorable results and allowed employees to finally feel part of the organization. Toyota’s system offered NUMMI employees the opportunity to find and solve daily problems and make justified improvements as they see fit. By doing so NUMMI provided its workforce the necessary means to successfully do their jobs. Toyota’s system also provided its work force with a since of membership. Employees wanted to be reassured that NUMMI was just as committed to the organization as they were. Other solutions that would keep the work force motivated and change origination culture is an employee reward/ recognition system, a good work environment/culture and developing job positions that are challenging and fulfilling. All of these solutions work hand in hand in order to create a well-balanced origination culture. Furthermore, of the five solutions; I believe the opportunity for NUMMI employees to find and solve daily problems and make justified improvements would be the most important. By doing so NUMMI provided its workforce the necessary means to successfully do their jobs. The case states â€Å"Every person in a supervisory capacity, including hourly team leaders, visited Toyota City for two or more weeks of training at the Takaoka plant. The training included long hours of lectures but, most importantly, practical on-the-job training in which they worked alongside their counterparts to learn what was to be their job back in California. At the end of each training tour, we asked the trainees what they would most want to take back with them to Fremont of all they had seen at Toyota. Their answer was invariably the same: â€Å"The ability to focus on solving problems without pointing fingers and looking to place the blame on someone.† (Shook 2010) This in turn reassured employees that the company value their opinions and trust them enough to make important decisions. The organization allowing employees to solve problems will benefit the company long term in that it will boost workforce morale, employees don’t have to be afraid to solve problems without ramifications and there will be a better form constant communication between employees and managers. Disadvantages for an organization allowing employees to solve problems without managerial supervision can result in damage product, slowdown or stop of assembly line thus resulting in loss of money. Once implemented, the organization needs to ensure that the workforce (including managers) is on board with the changes in order to move forward. To do this, NUMMI must provide new training through workshops and seminars to all employees. After participating in either the workshop or seminars, Humane Resources should devise a form; having all employees sign that form in order to not have any miscommunication down the line. To sustain success, NUMMI should create team building events/demonstration for all employees to constantly remain on the same page. Currently, NUMMI provides its employees with the opportunity to find and solve daily problems and make improvements without fear of anyone pointing fingers. The workforce embraced the system so well that in one years’ time; NUMMI went from being GM’s worst plant to GM’s best. Justification Changing an organization culture is no easy task. When GM and Toyota decided to form there joint venture, no one could have predicted that they would become a success in a year’s time. There was no one specific solution for changing NUMMI organizations culture. The closet explanation explaining why NUMMI’s culture changed was the adoption of Toyota’s production and management system. Toyota management system benefited the organizational cultural in that it allowed NUMMI employees the opportunity to find and solve daily problems and make justified improvements. By doing so NUMMI provided its workforce the necessary means to successfully do their jobs. Toyota’s system also provided its work force with a since of membership. Employees wanted to be reassured that NUMMI was just as committed to the organization as they were. Other solutions that would keep the work force motivated and change origination culture is an employee reward/ recognition system, a good work environment/culture and developing job positions that are challenging and fulfilling. All of these solutions work hand in hand in order to create a well-balanced origination culture. I believe the opportunity for NUMMI employees to find and solve daily problems and make justified improvements is the most important solution. The article stated that of all the solutions; being able to solve problems without anyone looking to place blame on someone† was the most important organizational culture change. Adopting this organizational cultural change benefitted NUMMI in that the company now is GM best vehicle manufacturing plant. References 1. Champagne, P., & McAfee, B. (1989). Motivating strategies for performance and productivity. In A guide to humane resource development. New York: Quorum Books. 2. Ramlall, S. (2004). Motivation Theories and their Implications for Employee Retention within Organizations. Journal of the American Academy of Business, (5), 52-64. 3. Shook, J. (2010). How to Change a Culture: Lessons From NUMMI. MIT Sloan Management Review, 51(2). 4. Steers, R., & Porter, L. (1983). Motivation & Work Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 5. Nohria, N., Groysberg, B., & Lee, L. (2008). Employee Motivation: A Powerful New Model.Harvard Business Review.

United States and Education Essay Example

United States and Education Essay Example United States and Education Essay United States and Education Essay ioJnoioioh Jh Jh h huoih hu hu u;uhuh uh uh p;hup hu uih; hJhu yesterdays front- page story, with an emphasis on marriage. The virtues of abstinence before marriage should be taught alongside facts about contraception, according to the report published by the Department for Education. Since when does anyone on the Left or on the Right think it is a good idea to outsource the moral education of our children to the Government? This survey reads s if it comes from the 1950s in the American Midwest. Many parts of America notably Texas, but many others are the heartland of abstinence-centred sex education. These places also have the highest rates of teenage pregnancy in the developed world. Teens who receive factual sex education are significantly less yesterdays front-page story, with an emphasis on marriage. Since when does anyone on the Left or on the Right think it is a g idea to

The Battle of Hong Kong in World War II

The Battle of Hong Kong in World War II The Battle of Hong Kong was fought December 8 to 25, 1941, during World War II (1939-1945). One of the opening battles of the conflict in the Pacific, Japanese troops commenced their attack on the British colony the same morning as their attack on the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. Though badly outnumbered, the British garrison mounted a tenacious defense but were soon forced from the mainland. Pursued by the Japanese, the defenders were ultimately overwhelmed. Overall, the garrison succeeded in holding out for over two weeks before finally surrendering. Hong Kong remained under Japanese control until the end of the war. Background As the Second Sino-Japanese War raged between China and Japan during the late 1930s, Great Britain was forced to examine its plans for the defense of Hong Kong. In studying the situation, it was quickly found that the colony would be difficult to hold in the face of a determined Japanese attack. Despite this conclusion, work continued on a new defensive line extending from Gin Drinkers Bay to Port Shelter. Begun in 1936, this set of fortifications was modeled on the French Maginot Line and took two years to complete. Centered on the Shin Mun Redoubt, the line was a system of strong points connected by paths. In 1940, with World War II consuming Europe, the government in London began reducing the size of the Hong Kong garrison to free troops for use elsewhere. Following his appointment as Commander-in-Chief of the British Far East Command, Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham requested reinforcements for Hong Kong as he believed even a marginal increase in the garrison could significantly slow down the Japanese in the case of war. Though not believing that the colony could be held indefinitely, a protracted defense would buy time for the British elsewhere in the Pacific. Final Preparations In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to dispatch reinforcements to the Far East. In doing so, he accepted an offer from Canada to send two battalions and a brigade headquarters to Hong Kong. Dubbed C-Force, the Canadians arrived in September 1941, though they lacked some of their heavy equipment. Joining Major General Christopher Maltbys garrison, the Canadians prepared for battle as relations with Japan began to falter. Having taken the area around Canton in 1938, Japanese forces were well positioned for an invasion. Preparations for the attack began that fall with troops moving into position. Battle of Hong Kong Conflict: World War IIDates: December 8-25, 1941Armies Commanders:BritishGovernor Sir Mark Aitchison YoungMajor General Christopher Maltby14,564 menJapaneseLieutenant General Takashi Sakai52,000 menCasualties:British: 2,113 killed or missing, 2,300 wounded, 10,000 capturedJapanese: 1,996 killed, around 6,000 wounded Fighting Begins Around 8:00 AM on December 8, Japanese forces under Lieutenant General Takashi Sakai began their attack on Hong Kong. Commencing less than eight hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese quickly gained air superiority over Hong Kong when they destroyed the garrisons few aircraft. Badly outnumbered, Maltby elected not to defend the Sham Chun River line at the colonys border and instead deployed three battalions to the Gin Drinkers Line. Lacking sufficient men to fully man the lines defenses, the defenders were driven back on December 10 when the Japanese overran the Shing Mun Redoubt. Retreat to Defeat The rapid breakthrough surprised Sakai as his planners anticipating needing a month to penetrate the British defenses. Falling back, Maltby began evacuating his troops from Kowloon to Hong Kong Island on December 11. Destroying harbor and military facilities as they departed, the final Commonwealth troops left the mainland on December 13. Japanese forces attack the Tsim Sha Tsui Station in Hong Kong. Public Domain For the defense of Hong Kong Island, Maltby re-organized his men into Eastern and Western Brigades. On December 13, Sakai demanded that the British surrender. This was promptly refused and two days later the Japanese began shelling the islands northern shore. Another surrender demand was rejected on December 17. The next day, Sakai began landing troops on the islands northeastern coast near Tai Koo. Pushing back the defenders, they were later guilty of killing prisoners of war at Sai Wan Battery and Salesian Mission. Driving west and south, the Japanese met heavy resistance over the next two days. On December 20 they succeeded in reaching the south coast of the island effectively splitting the defenders in two. While part of Maltbys command continued the fight on the western part of the island, the remainder was hemmed in on the Stanley Peninsula. On Christmas morning, Japanese forces captured the British field hospital at St. Stephens College where they tortured and killed several prisoners. Later that day with his lines collapsing and lacking critical resources, Maltby advised Governor Sir Mark Aitchison Young that the colony should be surrendered. Having held out for seventeen days, Aitchison approached the Japanese and formally surrendered at the Peninsula Hotel Hong Kong. Major General Christopher Maltby meets with the Japanese to surrender Hong Kong, December 25, 1941. Public Domain Aftermath Subsequently known as Black Christmas, the surrender of Hong Kong cost the British around 10,000 captured as well as 2,113 killed/missing and 2,300 wounded during the battle. Japanese casualties in the fighting numbered 1,996 killed and around 6,000 wounded. Taking possession of the colony, the Japanese would occupy Hong Kong for the remainder of the war. During this time, the Japanese occupiers terrorized the local population. In the wake of the victory at Hong Kong, Japanese forces embarked on a string of victories in Southeast Asia which culminated with the capture of Singapore on February 15, 1942.​

The Importance of Being Earnest Review

'The Importance of Being Earnest' Review ​​The Importance of Being Earnest is Oscar Wildes most well-known and best-loved play, as well as being an enormous success in his lifetime. For many people, it is the apogee of Wildes work. Like Wilde, the play is the very embodiment of fin de sieclà © British dandyism. However, this seemingly frivolous play has a much darker side. Its critique of Victorian societythough delivered in a velvet gloveis every inch an iron fist. The play is a satire both of the hypocrisies of the society in which Wilde lived, and the damaging effect that these hypocrisies can have on the souls of those live under their rule. Wilde was to become one of those souls shortly after the first performance of the play when he initiated a libel trial that was to lead to his imprisonment for being a homosexual.​ Overview ofThe Importance of Being Earnest The play is based around two young men, one of whom is an upright young man called Jack who lives in the country. However, in order to escape the drudgery of his highly conservative lifestyle, he has created an alter-ego, Ernest, who has all kinds of reprobate fun in London. Jack says he often has to visit his poor brother Ernest, which gives him his opportunity to escape his boring life and have fun with his good friend, Algernon. However, Algernon comes to suspect that Jack is leading a double life when he finds a personal message in one of Jack’s cigarette cases. Jack makes a clean breast of his life, including the fact that he has a young and attractive ward by the name of Cecily Cardew back on his estate in Gloucestershire. This piques Algernons interest and, uninvited, he turns up on the estate pretending to be Jack’s brotherthe reprobate Ernestin order to woo Cecily. In the meantime, Jacks fiancà ©e, (and Algernons cousin) Gwendolen has also arrived, and Jack admits to her that he is, in fact, not called Ernest, but is called Jack. Algernon, despite his better judgment, also confesses to Cecily that his name is not Ernest either. This causes a good deal of trouble in our heroes love lives, as both women have a rather strange attachment to the name Ernest, and cannot consider marrying anyone who does not go by that name. There is another impediment to the marriages. Gwendolens mother, Lady Bracknell, will not countenance her daughter marrying someone of Jacks social status (he was an orphan who was found by his adoptive parents in a handbag at Kings Cross Station). As Jack is Cecilys guardian, he will not allow her to marry Algernon unless his aunt, Lady Bracknell changes her mind. This seemingly irresolvable conundrum becomes brilliantly solved when, on inspection of the handbag, Lady Bracknell reveals that Algernons brother had become lost in just such a handbag and that Jack must, in actuality, be that lost child. What’s more, the child had been christened Ernest. The play ends with a prospect of two very happy marriages. The Importance of Being Earnest combines a labyrinthine plot, the seemingly irresolvable narrative of a farce, and some of the most comic and wittiest lines ever written. It is, as can probably be surmised from its extraordinary to-ings and fro-ings and its incredibly unlikely resolution, is not to be taken as a serious drama. Indeed, the characters and the setting lack any real depth; they are, first and foremost, vessels for Wilde’s witticisms lampooning the shallow and roots-obsessed society in which he lived.   However, this is not to the plays detriment – the audience is treated to some of the most sparkling verbal wit ever seen. Whether luxuriating in paradox or simply in the ridiculousness created by the plot that Wilde has set in motion, the play is at its best when it is portraying supposedly serious things in an extremely trivial matter.   However, this seeming piece of fluff is enormously influential and is actually a destructive critique of the social mores of the times. The emphasis that is put in the play on surfacesnames, where and how people were brought up, the way that they dressbelies a yearning for something which is more substantial. Wilde can be credited, by producing a piece of polished decadence, with contributing to the destruction of a class-based, surface-obsessed society. Wildes play seems to say, look beneath the surface, try and find the real people stifled beneath social norms. Brilliant, inventive, witty andwhen performedabsolutely hilarious, Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, is a landmark in the history of Western theater, and probably that writer’s greatest achievement.

Human Resource Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Human Resource Management - Assignment Example It is a function that pervades all the steps in the organizational ladder, forms a vital part of every other management functions and covers all the employees. The individual, team, psychological, emotional and social perspectives of human behavior are taken into account under HRM. This functional area tries to achieve a fit between the organizations and their employees. It has to balance of the goals of individual employees, teams, organization and its obligations to the society at large. Building up the employees into competent resources by improving their capabilities, upgrading their skills and enhancing their efficiency; while providing them with proper training and development opportunities is also the aim of HRM. It is an ongoing operation of understanding human relations and behavior, and applying them to the daily functioning of the organization. The fact that people are to be managed makes HRM more challenging and dynamic, as human behavior is unique and unpredictable at ti mes. The purposes served by HRM can be stated under two heads – the managerial functions and operational functions. Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing and Controlling are the managerial functions, while procurement, development, compensation, integration and maintenance are the operational functions. Though the roles played by HRM in different organizations vary, the main actions performed under the function are: Human resource planning Job analysis and design Recruitment and selection Training and career development Compensation and benefits Motivation Maintenance Occupational health and safety 2. Strategic Human Resource Planning Human resource planning(HRP) is also known as manpower planning or employment planning. It is the primary task of HRM, as it involves assessments regarding the number and nature of employees that would be required to deal with the future level of operations of the organization. It involves forecasting the future human needs of the organizati on, in line with its future goals and projections. Decenzo and Robbins define human resource planning as the process by which an organization ensures that it has right number and kind of people, at the right place, at the right time, capable of effectively and efficiently completing those tasks that will help the organization achieve its overall objectives (Ashwathappa, 2007). Such a preparation enables the organization to change and adjust to the demands of the market. Thus, it is a mode of change management. It also helps in meeting the legal regulations set by the Government. 2.1. HRP & Organisational Strategy Organisational strategy gives a picture of what the organization aims to portray itself along the timeline. HRP is directly linked to the type of organization and its strategic choices. This is so because HRP has to essentially follow the overall organizational plan and direction. The personnel requirements for product-based organizations are different from those involved i n service. The planning for HR depends on whether the firm strategizes to acquire new organizations or simply add to its internal capacity. New personnel are to be recruited if additional capacity is planned. In case of acquisition, capacity addition comes along with personnel. So, the planning is different. Alternatively, if the organization intends to cut or decrease production, HRP has to include redundancy and redeployment plans. At the same time, if the market poses limitations or shortage of manpower, the organization has to withhold its expansion plans. The status accorded to HR in the

Meaning of a single word Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Meaning of a single word - Essay Example Looking deep into the roots of a word can tell us about other words it was derived from, and a little know how of how foreign languages have influenced English. And finally the usage of a word tells us about how it should be used in a sentence. Many times people know the correct meaning of a word but they are confused about how to use it and they end up not using it at all. The correct usage while keeping in mind the sentence structure, subject verb agreement, and the placement of prepositions is essential in using any word in a sentence or a paragraph. All of these aspects are discussed below so that the meaning of the given word is clear and no difficulty is faced in its usage in any context. A lantern is a transparent protective covering, usually portable and used for carrying or holding a light. It is used to protect the light from wind and weather. It often has translucent openings so that the light could pass clearly. Lanterns emit out light in an expanded way and they also have handles in their framework. The top room of a lighthouse which contains a lamp or any other source of light can also be referred to as a lantern as it gives out light and illuminates the structure and the area. Similarly, the top most structure of a building which is either open or windowed from all sides to admit light or ventilate the entire interior building. It is always good to know a few synonyms of the words we are using in a text, because synonyms help in building the vocabulary. They also lighten up the text and urge the reader to read more. Every word has several synonyms in the least as they can have more than one meaning. The word lantern has many synonyms as well but they are all referred more or less to a source of light. One of the synonyms of lantern is beacon. A beacon is a light which is used as a signal or a guide. One of the meanings

Has Organisational Culture now replaced organisational Structure as Essay

Has Organisational Culture now replaced organisational Structure as the dominant method of management control in the organisation. reflect these controls with - Essay Example Taylor and Herbert Simon are all Americans. To enable the readers to fully understand the research question, the researcher will first define organizational structure as well as the organizational culture before comparing the difference between the two management control methods. Through the process of conducting a literature review, the researcher will identify the evolution of organizational structure and organizational culture. Prior to concluding as to whether or not organisational culture has totally replaced the importance of organisational structure as a more dominant method of management control within an organisation as well as whether or not it would be a good idea to consider whether these sorts of generalizations can be applied in a global manner or whether they tend to reflect the dominance of the US experience in management theory, the researcher will seek to examine the degree of detachment from the use of the formal rules and regulations within the UK government organization. Organizational structure is the structural pattern that is created within the organization based on the importance of each employee’s role. (Mabey, Salaman, & Storey, 2001; Mullins, 1993) The main purpose of the structure is to organize the allocation of work and responsibilities so as to hasten the accomplishment of the organizational goals. With the presence of an organizational structure, it is easier for the leaders to develop a strategic plan and control the internal activities within the organization. (Mabey, Salaman, & Storey, 2001) In line with the organizational structure is the classical bureaucracies which is normally based on a set of principles of hierarchy, authority as well as organizational control. (Weber, 1981 [1945]) These bureaucracies are structured into different compartmentalised hierarchial layers to determine the significance of the employees authoritative power

MBA Management course -'Business in Society' Essay

MBA Management course -'Business in Society' - Essay Example eading corporations of the world are now expanding their sustainability initiatives to focus on accountability and minimize risks by increasing "baseline expectations of investors" and ensuring their strategies are in line with the investment communitys objectives. This would demonstrate corporate commitment towards the investors and shareholders who ultimately will support the companys scalable sustainability endeavors.1 At IKEA, we have always believed in integrating sustainability strategies to support our work environment through materiality and operations-based initiatives. We have been ahead of our competitors in sustainability initiatives. Some of our notable projects during 2006 had been making home furnishing products safe for environmental effects; support for responsible forestry based on set up requirements for wood suppliers; support for sustainable cotton production; and acceptable working conditions. In 2007 we have introduced IWAY (IKEA Way on Purchasing Home Furnishing Products) which encourage consumers to help us achieve sustainability goals. Our current initiatives include working towards reduction of child labor, contribution towards climate impact; and going towards renewable energy by supporting sustainable transport; and working with communities towards sustainability.2 These aspects demonstrate that though, a highly environmentally conscious company, IKEA’s strategies in the past has been focused on material and operations exclusively. For the future, we need to develop more stringent strategies which Tomorrows Value report indicates as, investors perspectives of sustainability. At IKEA, we have only been able to achieve this through dialogues with unions, suppliers, companies and related organizations. So far IKEA has been able to develop a process for sustainability and mechanisms for monitoring it.3 We need to tailor our sustainability strategies to align with tomorrow’s values and sustainability to increase market opportunities.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 40

Management - Essay Example In business, the resolution to communicate in any of the three form of communication can be an influential one. In addition, a good leader is conscious of the nonverbal messages communicated by whichever type of communication. It is vital to note that in most organization only 7% of verbal communications are done via the mouth. Communication channels differ in how rich their information is. Information-rich channels put across more information that is non verbal. Verbal communications are usually richer than on paper information. Research illustrates that effectual managers are inclined to employ more information-rich message channels than less successful leaders. As it appears in the contemporary business society, the technology is mostly used to deliver information. However, this is not the most effective way to answer and send messages for various reasons. In the progress of an organizational structure, communication mediums are a significant consideration. The boss in a hierarchical system is a connection in the communication sequence. It is the hierarchical organization that provides direction to and inflicts limitations upon the stream of communications. Management choices and rules flow from superior to inferior levels in the business. Replies and reports from the subordinate level managers follow up in the organization. The managers use various mediums of communication depending on the receiver and most importantly the effectiveness of the medium. Also, there are several mediums of communication that involves the use of business email. In this case, an approximate 60 billion e-mails are sent every day. That makes the use of e-mail as a communication medium the second most accepted medium of communication internationally. The development of e-mail has been stunning but it has also been accompanied by several challenges in managing information in organizations, effectiveness and the growing speed of conducting business. Some leaders

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 15

Marketing - Essay Example By analyzing the current business situation of M&S, it will be possible for one to determine if the company should revise its way of serving customers, the way of market segmentation, or split its products into various target markets Macro factors that affect M&S These are the external factors that have an indirect impact on any company.   They include the political, social, technological, economical, and legal entities. For instance, in the legal entity, the government of UK has brought in energy saving organizations like â€Å"Green Tax† and â€Å"Change Levy† on the use of energy to lessen carbon dioxide by 30% and distributed subsidies to make improvements on subsidies. This has affected M&S positively in such a way that the company has been forced to launch an incentive policy in which stores can maintain the value of 15% of all savings it makes and above its moves. The move helps the company to save about 10% of its energy (Moiz, 2010). Micro Factors Marketing m anagement is obliged to attract customers and set up good relationships with them by initiating the satisfaction and worth of their preferences. Nevertheless, market practices are required to focus on the needs of the targeted consumers and also the need to recognize the impact of micro factors that include: Products M&S deals in clothing, house appliances, food, footwear, and gifts. When providing these goods and services, they have to focus on the quality, trust, innovate, and values given to its potential customers. Customers The company lives to the policy that customers are the most vital element to be considered and understood because they determine its future and success. M&S appreciates that customer satisfaction comes first before the product sales and thus gives high quality products and good services in order to raise the loyalty of its consumes. Markets M&S possessed stores in Hong Kong and Ireland, including 131 franchises food in 28 nations operating via a network of t hriving partnerships. It has recently opened a new market in Kirkgate, Leeds. Another coffee and heritage shop has been established right alongside the popular M&S clock in Kirkmarket. The retail environment however remains to be a challenge in the UK and other international regions. M&S has to take a step with regard to this factor by staying true to its values, listening to its potential clients, and constantly executing its strategy so ha the business can be stronger. Competitors While M&S focuses its operations on h quality of goods and services, its chief competitors, Tesco and Sainsbury focus theirs on the breadth of range, quality, and convenience. This company has a number of competitive advantages that have been in existence for a long time now. They include a recognizable brand name, and a stable supply connection. Specifically, M&S has its own exercise tight and market testing quality control. The great part of its operations is that it has kept customer loyalty as compar ed to its competitors. However, the worry is that Tesco and Sainsbury have established their stores globally as opposed to M&S, and thus the company has to check on this drawback (Moiz, 2010). The PEST framework analysis Definition This is a tool widely used o help in analyzing the social-cultural, economical, technological, and political changes in a given organizational environment. With the PEST analysis, one can get a

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 40

Management - Essay Example In business, the resolution to communicate in any of the three form of communication can be an influential one. In addition, a good leader is conscious of the nonverbal messages communicated by whichever type of communication. It is vital to note that in most organization only 7% of verbal communications are done via the mouth. Communication channels differ in how rich their information is. Information-rich channels put across more information that is non verbal. Verbal communications are usually richer than on paper information. Research illustrates that effectual managers are inclined to employ more information-rich message channels than less successful leaders. As it appears in the contemporary business society, the technology is mostly used to deliver information. However, this is not the most effective way to answer and send messages for various reasons. In the progress of an organizational structure, communication mediums are a significant consideration. The boss in a hierarchical system is a connection in the communication sequence. It is the hierarchical organization that provides direction to and inflicts limitations upon the stream of communications. Management choices and rules flow from superior to inferior levels in the business. Replies and reports from the subordinate level managers follow up in the organization. The managers use various mediums of communication depending on the receiver and most importantly the effectiveness of the medium. Also, there are several mediums of communication that involves the use of business email. In this case, an approximate 60 billion e-mails are sent every day. That makes the use of e-mail as a communication medium the second most accepted medium of communication internationally. The development of e-mail has been stunning but it has also been accompanied by several challenges in managing information in organizations, effectiveness and the growing speed of conducting business. Some leaders

Parenting Children with Severe Difficulties Essay Example for Free

Parenting Children with Severe Difficulties Essay Becoming a parent needs some planning and preparation—mentally, socially and financially. Depending on various circumstances, parents may not be completely prepared when they have children. Still, having a child with severe disabilities could be shocking for some parents. In such cases, the child will need special care and attention from the parents, as well as from medical practitioners such as doctors and therapists. Parents need to be aware of the condition of the child and look for various ways to help the child become healthy and well. As the child grows up, the nature of stress and difficulties faced by the parents will also change. In addition to the physical needs of the child that the parents must look out for, they will also need to face several psychosocial struggles. According to Hastings and Beck (2004), parents of children with special needs, especially those relating to intellectual disabilities are subjected to stress and mental health-related problems because they need to adapt to social situations. They may experience different emotions depending on the behavior of their child, which they may or may not have control over. Feelings of embarrassment, annoyance and social discomfiture may be felt by the parents in various social settings. 1. Psychosocial Difficulties of Parents of Children with Severe Disabilities Raising a child requires significant investment in time, money and, more importantly, love, tenderness and caring! For a child with severe disabilities, parents may feel overwhelmed with the responsibility they have to bear. Oftentimes, people in the society may view children with disabilities unfairly and may unknowingly look with pity at the children’s parents. Among the psychosocial difficulties of parents are anxiety, depression and anger among others. Some parents find it really difficult to accept that their child has severe disabilities. This denial, then, would backfire and manifest in many ways. In a sense, denial is an escape from responsibility. Parents feel hopeless and unwilling to reconcile what went wrong with the pregnancy or with the disabilities of young children (Lavin, 2001). Anxiety and guilt can also be manifested by parents of children with disabilities. They may blame themselves for what happened and for not loving their children more. They may become conflicted internally—they hover between hating the responsibility thrust on them by their child’s disabilities and at the same feeling guilty that they feel that way. At some point, they may even get angry at the child at the world or at themselves for their child’s situation. Depression may also occur, depending on the gravity of the situation, the social connections of the parents and their ability to cope with the situation. When they are in social situations such as at the mall or in public places, the disabilities of the child may be highlighted and they may feel â€Å"special† as well. If parents are not able to accept the situation of their child and deal with it, they may find it difficult to adjust normally and raise their child well (Olsen Fuller, 2003). 2. Perception of the Child, the Parents and the Specialists Perceptions and mindsets are powerful. The way that parents view their child with special needs will affect how they treat such a child. While the broader society expects parents to love their children unconditionally, this may be more difficult for some parents. There are parents who may view a child with special needs as a nuisance and an unwanted burden and responsibility. Naturally, such an attitude and perception will resonate in the way that they treat the child. Trained medical practitioners and therapists are able to look at a child with special needs objectively and deliver all the necessary care the child needs. Such caring, however, were arrived at through years of training. This is the reason why parents of children with disabilities sometimes need to go to counseling so as to adjust their perceptions and their view of the situation. The perception of parents are also important for practitioners, special education teachers and other professionals to work with the parents in providing the necessary care and services for the growth and development of the child with disabilities (Bruns Mogharreban, 2008). If parents and practitioners have the same perception of the child, then it becomes easier for them to work together. As the child grows and interacts with more people in his immediate surroundings and in the broader community where he or she belongs to, collaboration between the parents and the professionals that deliver services for children with special needs becomes even more important. 3. Recommendations for Early Child Intervention Early intervention for children with special needs is necessary so that they, too, could enjoy a normal life. Not because they have disabilities means that they could not contribute meaningfully to the society. In fact, there have been great artists and craftsmen who managed to excel in what they do even with disabilities. Diagnose early. Early diagnosis of the child’s actual situation is very much needed. While a couple may have trouble accepting the reality of their child’s situation, knowing exactly what their child faces will help them get prepared and able to cope with the situation. Consequently, parents should enhance their attitude and perceptions toward the child. If needed, they should seek counseling so that they could better sort through their emotions and deal with any denial, guilt or anxiety they may be feeling. Following such counseling, the parents need to learn how to teach the right behavior to their child. Special education teachers may be able to bring out the best out of children with special needs. Yet, the role of the home and of the parents is still very important in the life of a child with special needs. It is inside the home where behavior is first mimicked, learned and reinforced. Without such learning inside the home, the child will find it difficult to adapt to his world and to the different kinds of people around him. Seeking out schools for children with special needs will also be a good move for the family so as to regulate the child’s behavior early on. 4. How I relate with a child with special needs. It is difficult to imagine myself in the shoes of a child with severe disabilities. But I am sure that I would still have curiosity because of what I see, hear, touch, smell and taste. I would be able to use all of these senses with verifying efficacy. While I may be limited by certain disabilities, that will not take away my senses. As such, I will still manage to use my curiosity to explore my world. As a child, I have felt the warmth of love and care from my parents and from the people that I am close to. Although the parents of a child with disabilities may find the situation of their child difficult, most of the time, they still want the best for their child. If I were growing up as a child with special needs, I would also learn that I have a sense of limitation. Everyone has different kinds of limitations in their lives. The limitations, however, are greater for children with disabilities. I would not help but compare myself with other children since that is a natural part of growing up. That might also be a source of frustration for a child with disabilities. As I put myself in the shoes of a child with disabilities, I could not help but appreciate what I have now. This is not to say that I pity those children with special needs. But it can be difficult—for the child and for the parents. This is why intervention is much needed at an early age when the child’s body and consciousness can be molded rather easily. Any child—with or without disabilities—will always appreciate sincere love and affection, first from parents and then from people around him. Hence, in providing care for them, there should always be a tinge of love and tenderness. Reference Bruns, D. A. Mogharreban, C. C. (2008). Working With Young Children With Disabilities: Perceptions, Skills, and Training Needs of Head Start Teachers. NHSA Dialog, 11 (1): 54-66. Hastings, R. P. Beck, A. (2004). Stress Intervention for Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45 (8): 1338-1349. Lavin, J. L. (2001). Special Kids Need Special Parents. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group. Olsen, G. Fuller, M. L. (2003). Home-School Relations: Working Successfully with Parents and Families. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.

The Current Scenario And Its Causes Economics Essay

The Current Scenario And Its Causes Economics Essay INTRODUCTION: The current picture of the economic and financial state has caused a huge literature study evaluating its origin and how to respond with the pertinent strategy. Before going in depth let us discuss about general financial crisis [1] ( Charles,P et al 2005) . The situation can be termed as an economic crisis when a financial institution or an asset lose a large part of its value. It takes many factors into account when defining a global recession, but the International Monetary Fund  (IMF) states that general recession can be declared when the worldwide economic growth is 3 percent or less than that [12] (Rogoff,K.2002). FINANCIAL CRISIS- AN OVERVIEW: Financial crisis occurs when there is a sudden drop in market after a steady growth. It can be said that, it is the harbinger for the decline of market. Due to the volatility of the market and economic growth, this becomes the crux of the financial crisis. Stocks and real estate properties will reach the rock bottom after a period of growth. When the investors predict the market and invests in any sector, due to the market instability, the demand of that investment may decrease and their value of the estimation substantially diminishes. This trend follows a period and significantly investors huge investment does not return the expected revenue and this in turn affects their loan payment. They abruptly stop further investments and they begin to sell assets. [2] ( Aiginger,K. 2009) This trend persists in individuals private income too, they also follow the same practice by selling their assets and luxury objects. Over-optimistic companies and such individuals are the main cause for the crisis during the preceding economic growth epoch. They lean to believe that the general market growth will persists forever without any suspension. This optimism makes everyone to borrow colossal quantity of principal and invest them in homes, luxury objects and expansion of their business. Another cause are executives in banking companies tempted to lend out as much money as possible to the borrowers, regardless of the consequences for the bank and the borrowers, because this behavior gives the executives an enormous short term personal gain. When the supply decreased, the demand too got reduced. Hinder all the financial institution which lends out more money to the borrowers who pays back when they are comfortable [7]( carmassi et al, 2009). The government should interfere and has to lay proper regulations to set clear criteria that must be satisfied when the money lending process is done. Employment contrac ts for the bank executives should be forbidden by the bank which rewards them directly for the amount of mortgages they establish. When did it happen? The global financial crisis hit when there is a blooming economic trend persists. It happened in number of occasions, but the Great depression (1930) and the current financial crisis (2007-2010) are the core calamities which collapsed the global economy. [1] ( Charles,P et al 2005) THE CURRENT SCENARIO AND ITS CAUSES: The current financial crisis period started during 2007. It is the worst economic meltdown since the Great depression. The collapse of the US sub-prime mortgage market and the housing boom turnaround had a ripple effect around the world. Some financial goods and tools have become so difficult and abnormal, and things start to disentangle. The trust in the whole system started to fail. The origin of this present state is due to the extravagant lending of money by banks which permitted various groups to buy expensive assets that they could not afford. This was welcomed and encouraged by the politicians and was cleverly sold by the middle men. This created the trigger for the current scenario [9] ( Cooper,G. 2008) .The survival of excessive land use regulation which helped to drive up the prices. Innovations and internationalization are also cause for the regulation failure. Oligopoly structures in the agencies, insufficient regulation followed in the market, neglected cumulative system ic risks are the additional grounds involved in this trigger. Heterogeneity of profits across businesses, novel forms of equity standards, leveraging of banks, the firms and consumers are the factors which caused misinterpretation that the expected returns will be high. Bubbles in currency, oil and food shortages, short-term view on profits, inappropriate accounting rules and analysts reports, shortages of raw materials, energy deficit and unequal income and wealth distribution are the other aggravating factors which influenced the crisis [7]( carmassi et al, 2009). Consequently the demand decreased as the supply increased. This forms the nucleus of the present crisis. EFFECTS: As a result of this, unemployment increases and companies lay-off the employers in order to muddle through this recession, many banks filed bankruptcy and shortage of food supply too had its effects. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the world declined for the first time since the Great depression of 1930. World economy growth dropped from 5% in 2007 to 3 % in 2008. USA and Europe economies already shrank during 2008 last quarter and those GDP from 2% to 4% [2] ( Aiginger,K. 2009). During the first quarter of 2009 production and orders declined when compared to the previous years. In order to compensate the cutback in the stipulated private sector caused by the crisis, the government passed large fiscal stimulus. During 2008-2009 alone US implemented two stimulus packages, totaling nearly $1 trillion [3] [2] ( Aiginger,K. 2009). The government has also bailed out many organizations due to large financial obligations. About 70% of GDP growth attained in the euro area and 40% of the same in the US due to the financial sector leverage [7]( carmassi et al, 2009). This is the key issues for the prevalent pressure in the European banking system. United States may be precursor of this current scenario, but the fragility persists in the European financial sector caused them badly and exposed to losses from US assets. An additional feature that made Europe more exposed to the crisis situation like the US is asset price bubble [7]( carmassi et al, 2009). Europe experienced the same real estate price bubble. During 2006-2007 house prices are less in US when compared to Europe, this is the key distinction involving the United States and the Europe [7]( carmassi et al, 2009). The banks in United States and Europe had excessive leverage and also the renovated maturity which are mistakenly manipulated by the regulatory system and allowed by the monetary policy. AGE WAVE THEORY: The additional cause for this economic slowdown was given by Ken Dychtwald, Ph.D in his Age wave theory [4] (Dychtwald, Ken, 1989). According to him, the persons who were born during 1947 to 1966 are called as baby boomers. According to the statistics the economic trend suitably followed as the baby boomers grow. Baby care books sales recorded a high during those initial years. Baby foods were consumed more during 1950s. The toy industry sales also reached record growth as the children grows. When they reached the teenage soft drinks sales and movie tickets sales reached the maximum. When the boomers enter the workforce during 1970s there was a record growth of 29%. Mini vans and SUVs dominated the automobile industry during 1980s and 1990s as the baby boomers started to raise their families. During 2007-2009 the workforce growth is just 12% due to the retirement of the baby boomers , and this may also be one of the reasons which kindled the crisis [5] (Dychtwald, Ken et al 2006). FUTURE REMEDIES: In order to tackle future recession, the UK government needs to follow some regulations. The economic policy should support the total demand by increasing the public demand or by providing inducements to encourage private expenditure [2] ( Aiginger,K. 2009). Monetary policy should be reintroduced to increase the money supply which has reduced interest rates. To improve the structure of taxation, fiscal policy is to be followed. It includes national and international stimulus packages. The European model to be followed [2] ( Aiginger,K. 2009), it includes strategic spending i.e., to invest in future technologies, education, research and development and green technology. Government and financiers should try to compress the scam and increase the capital requirements for banks .They also should follow the regulations and it would be compelled to hold sufficient funds to cover their normal operations. In order to reduce the jeopardy, the bank should bear all the risks and also increase their transparency, their accounting ethics are to be modified accordingly and also to be included in the asset definition. It is crucial that the current land rationing policies should wither as soon as possible. Capital requirements are to be set adequately so that it cannot be evaded by the mediators to raise liquidity [8] (Minsky, H. (2008) .The simple way of doing it is to set capital requirements with reference to total assets and no gimmicks allowed. The main cause for the delude information for investors and obstinate incentives are the assets with maximum risk. [6] (Gros, D. (2009). These assets should be scrapped to maintain the economy. The government should provide guarantees by affording small pensions and loans and also it should fight poverty by employment. The youth unemployment problem can be tackled by training and also making informal jobs more professional. By increasing the choices the supply and demand stability can be maintained. These aforementioned strategies are to be followed by the UK government in order to maintain the stability and also to prevent the arrival of the current scenario [10] (Greenspan ,A. 2009). CONCLUSION: Brian Cowen, the former finance minister says that, If I am right, the next financial crisis, when it comes, stands to make the last two years look like a warm up [11]. So the optimism and complacency natures should be discarded and follow the policies and also the remedies as mentioned above to restore the trust and balance in the system.