Slavery Is A Big Factor Of Our Nation Becoming As Powerful

In this paper I am going to talk about why slavery was such a big factor of our nation becoming as powerful as it is today, why we needed it in the 1800’s and 1900’s, and why it was such a bad thing to do. slavery continued to influence American history, from the tumultuous years of reconstruction from 1865-1877 to the civil rights movement that emergedâ€Å"Slavery is theft -- theft of a life, theft of work, theft of any property or produce, theft even of the children a slave might have borne.† - KEVIN BALES, Understanding Global Slavery Slavery is defined as a state of being a slave and a slave is defined as a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them. Slavery is and always will be embedded in every single†¦show more content†¦Through the union victory freed the nation’s four million slaves, the legacy of in the 1960s, and a century after emancipation. Back in the 17th century European Settlers in North America Turned to African slaves as a cheaper And more plentiful labor source than indentured servants who were mostly poor Europeans. After 16 19 20 she brought about 20 African slaves but sure that the British colony of Jamestown Virginia slavery spread widely throughout American colonies. No it is impossible to figure out exactly how many days are imported to America it is estimated that about six to seven million slaves were imported to the new world of America during the 18th century alone, America was depriving the African continent of some of the healthiest and str ongest men and women in Africa. In the 17th and 18th centuries slaves of these mainly work on tobacco, rice and indigo plantations on the southern coast of America. After the American Revolution many colonists that lived In the north where slavery was relatively unimportant to the economy and the beginning to leave the oppression of black slaves to their own oppression by the British, and to demolish slavery. After the war’s end, however, the new United States Constitution to Sibley acknowledge the institution, counting each leave at three fifths of a person for the purpose of taxation and representation in Congress and guaranteeing in their right to repossess any personal held to service or labor. In the

Bystanders in Situations of Bullying Motivations for...

Introduction/Background Bullying can be experienced in several forms such as physical, verbal, social or cyber. All bullying is composed of three specific concepts—causing their victims harm, possessing greater power than their victims and repetition (Oh Hazler, 2009). Bystanders play perhaps the most vital role in bullying (Oh Hazler, 2009). Bystanders can help the bully (‘assistants’ or ‘reinforcers’), remain passive and non-interceptive (‘outsiders’) or they can be ‘defenders’, which are individuals who intervene using prosocial behaviours, meaning that they voluntarily act in ways that benefit others (Oh Hazler, 2009; Thornberg, 2007). Statistics suggest bystander’s use only 25% of their time to intervene and defend the bully†¦show more content†¦Recent studies that have analyzed the behaviour of bystanders, in situations of bullying, have put a large emphasis on the predictors of bystander actions and the reasons why they are passive in such situations. Predictors such as gender, grade, past experiences with bullying, type of bullying witnessed and friendship dynamics have displayed some significant trends in the reactions of bystanders (Oh Hazler, 2009; Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse and Neale, 2010). For example, researchers identify strong and consistent trends that indicate girls are more likely to support victims with positive actions (Oh Hazler, 2009; Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse and Neale, 2010). The purpose of this study is contrary to previous studies and will take a particular interest in the motivations for prosocial behaviour in terms of direct or indirect intervention. Bystanders who take a direct intervention approach often intervene by discouraging the bully, helping the victim, or redirecting the situation, whereas those who use indirect intervention report the bullying to an adult or teacher, talk to a friend, or get other bystanders to help (Trach, Hymel, Waterhouse N eale, 2010). However, it is interesting to consider that the intervention approach bystanders chose to take will be influenced by the policies, responses to victims and peerShow MoreRelatedBully5482 Words   |  22 Pages------------------------------------------------- Bullying From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the Wikipedia guidance essay, see  Wikipedia:WikiBullying Bullying is detrimental to students’ well-being and development.[1] Bullying  is the use of force or  coercion  to  abuse  or  intimidate  others. The behavior can be habitual and involve an imbalance of social or physical  power. It can include verbal  harassment  or  threat, physical  assault  or coercion and may be directed repeatedly towards particular victims, perhaps on groundsRead MoreHalimbawa Ng Term Paper6581 Words   |  27 PagesDON SERVILLANO PLATON MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL Sta. Cruz Tinambac Camarines Sur S/Y 2012-2013 The Effect of Bullying In The School to Students of Don Servillano Platon Memorial High School Janice Tamayo Inocencio (Researcher) Mrs. Adelaida Espejo (English Professor) Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the special people who have extended their assistance for the

Florida Lottery Essay Example For Students

Florida Lottery Essay Lottery, Good or Bad? Is the lottery a good idea? Some may argue that playing the lottery is a bad idea, and it is just another form of organized crime. I have also heard that playing the lottery is a â€Å"stupidity tax. † I will argue that playing the lottery is a good idea, for those that choose to play it, and has many benefits for us all. I am sure you have heard the saying, â€Å"When you play, we all win! † Granted, about half of all monies spent on buying lottery tickets go to paying out prizes from a winning lottery ticket. But then again that is why people play the lottery, to win. About a third of the earnings from the sale of lottery tickets contribute to public education expenses. And about a tenth of the lottery sales go towards the retailers. Surprisingly, only about five percent of the lottery earnings go towards the cost of the game and towards the operating expenses. Many states have adopted a system where the main purpose of the lottery is to provide funds for, and to improve the states’ educational system. For example, the Florida lottery has contributed more than $21 billion dollars toward its Educational Enhancement Trust Fund. Like many other states, Florida has a scholarship for high school students that can help pay for college. Florida calls this the Bright Futures Scholarship, which can pay up to 100% of your college education. The Bright Futures Scholarship program is funded by the Florida Lottery and has helped send more than 450,000 students to college since 1997. Lottery funds are also spent on salaries and benefits for instructors and classroom materials such as textbooks. Lottery funds also provide schools the flexibility to continue with valuable programs and services offered to students. The lottery can also play a role in helping to support small businesses. Lottery retailers earn a percentage from their ticket sales. For example, in New Jersey the lottery returned over 140 million dollars in commissions to support chain stores, supermarkets, pharmacies, convenience stores and small businesses throughout the state. The lottery retailers of these small businesses are also eligible to receive tax incentives from the government. And believe it or not, there are people that hit the â€Å"jackpot† and can win a large sum of money. Depending on the person, the money can be spent however hey like. There are many lottery winners that donate money to their favorite organization, local churches, shelters in their communities, to their local park, etc. I see the lottery as a very good thing for communities everywhere. There are many that choose not to play because they see it as a gamble or a waste of money. In reality, those who play help our community in several ways. There is nothing wrong with playing the lottery, or buying a scratch off every now and again, and should not be seen as a bad thing. You should think about the benefits.

How Stable Was the Tsarist Autocracy in 1914 Essay Example

How Stable Was the Tsarist Autocracy in 1914 Essay By the beginning of the Great War, Russia was already deeply divided, and the political structure so fragile, overstrained and vulnerable, that it is hard to imagine that it could have survived even without war (Fitzpatrick) Soviet historians, who, at the time of writing, were seeking to justify their regime, would agree with Sheila Fitzpatrick that by 1914, Russias regime was already dead and it was inevitable that the forthcoming revolution of 1917 would take place.However liberal historians, with the aim of destroying the image of the Communist regimes, have tended to usually agree with Services equation, No war. No revolution and that the four year conflict was like a thunderbolt which prevented Russia from following the democratic path to modernisation as her Western allies had done. However, it is the Revisionist point of view that stands in equal balance stating that war should be seen as a kind of Final Judgement' (Figes) to produce a verdict on all the events that have occur red in Russia prior to that. The overthrow of the Romanovs grew likelier as year succeeded year (Service) but it was the war that was the final nail in the coffin for Russias liberal and democratic hopes to equality, freedom and peace.Students of revolutions have observed that, as a rule, the grievances of the people look backward not forward. Rather than clamour for new rights, people complain of being unjustly deprived of ancient rights, real or imagined (Pipes) and in Russia at the time the peasants continued to express the paternal and unequivocal economic demand for the abolition of noble land ownership.And as Russias stability depended on the peasant (Pipes), any uncertainty in the peasants life had far reaching consequences for the stability of the whole of society. Whilst liberals believe that the reforms introduced post- 1905 promised a solution to rural poverty and land hunger, which they also claim were the two reasons responsible for peasant unrest leading up to the war, and that the rural economy was on the ascending path to modernisation stability, the Revisionists cast many shadows of doubt as to the effectiveness of Stolypins reforms. Figes comments that in fact, long before 1914, Stolypins land reforms had [already] ground to a halt. He goes further to point out that Stolypin himself stated that it would take at least 20 years to transform Russian society, but according to the rate of progress, Figes argues it would have taken the best part of a century for the regime to create the strong agrarian bourgeoisie that it had evidently decided to stake its future.His conclusion on the subject is that the land enclosure movement, had, like all other tsarist reforms, come too late. This is in stark contrast to the liberals who have pointed out that after the immediate pressure was relieved by the abolition of redemption dues and the introduction of several tax breaks, the proposed land reforms would create a smooth path for sustained growth in agricu ltural productivity. They focus their argument on the fact that the wager on the strong and sober held enormous potential benefits such as private enterprise, consolidated farmsteads, a lower population and a mobile labour force. In the words of Acton, modern techniques would replace the archaic implements. They then imply that social peasant disturbances fell in the pre- war years and this pointed to peaceful development, and with each year the peasants interest and support for the status quo would grow and if a sustained period of peace and tranquillity was delivered, the tension in the peasant would peter out and eventually cease. For the liberals of this world, 1905 marked a turning point.Whilst one tends to agree with the liberals in saying that the economic record of tsarism was not unimpressive, neither was it impressive. For most revisionists, 1905 was in fact a turning point but not towards peaceful democratic recovery but towards instability and uncertainty. They shatter a ny illusions the democracy- loving and communist- hating liberals hold and inject into the picture a doze of cold reality. They see the traditional liberal view of revolution as a chance product of war (Acton) as unacceptable. They not only argue that in the years leading up to 1914, peasant land hunger and militancy remained intense but state even further that social unrest came from not only those whose standard of living was horrifically low, but from the more economically rational and dynamic peasant (a fact the liberals never associated with the peasant).Mass disturbance evidence of Soviet historians, according to Revisionists is at best shaky, and those findings were based on unreliable evidence and sources. While liberals dismiss these figures altogether, Revisionists appear more eager to examine the evidence before concluding. It is hard for a professional historian to dismiss 20, 000 social disturbances between 1907- 14 whilst there were exceptional harvests and a strong re covery of the grain price.Modernisation was taking place, even in the countryside, despite all the cries from the Soviets of semi- feudal exploitation on the farm. New land was being used, new crops seed strains and rotations systems were introduced, new farming equipment was being utilised and there was an increase in yield per hectare. But Revisionist historians cast a doubt over the liberal interpretation and analysis of events. For the average peasant, due to a marked increase in the level of investment in food and consumer products within the countryside, the standard of living rose in the decades prior to even 1905, but the revolution still occurred. Thus the Revisionists introduce the argument that peasant aggressiveness is not a direct consequence or function of overall level of poverty but their unrest also comes from a want to achieve political goals. They further dismiss the liberal point that a reduction in taxes or an end to redemption dues was likely to alleviate peasa nt rebelliousness. In fact it was the failure to realise the rising economic and political expectations and the peasants assertiveness of those goals that would ensure tensions only got worse and instability flowered.The Neo- Populist Revisionist historians also point out that Stolypins reforms of the Commune were pointless as major innovations had taken place in villages where communes prevailed. Dismantling the commune would in itself be a major barrier to agricultural improvement, and for the vast majority, the option of leaving the commune held little attraction and resistance to Stolypin was fierce. (Acton) Few left it and few new useful ideas came out of those who had. Contrary to both Soviet and Liberal points of view, Neo- Populists state that there was no commercialisations creation of differentiation between the rural bourgeoisie and the rural proletariat. Acton points out that the classical effect of the market and commercial competition, which both Marxists and liberal e conomists take for granted was not happening. The communal redistribution of land, heavy impositions of the State and the vulnerability of the kulaks to the ups-and- downs of weather and the climate all countered any commercialisation.Communes didnt split, even when times were good. No- one wanted rich farmers, especially if they were their neighbour, and they would dislike the fact that someone had more than them. So the vast majority of middle peasants were bound together by the Commune and tensions in the village were constantly turned towards a more important enemy- the nobleman. The village had a common interest, a way of life, and an outlook on life (Acton). The Revisionists believe that the peasants were united in their obvious resentment and enmity towards the gentry. Basically the peasants were not only united in the face of land shortages and economic hardships but were also politically motivated to get rid of the gentry and so would seize land just as eagerly as it had do ne in the revolution of 1905. This is diametrically opposite to the liberal idea to less disturbances and more rural contentment. This only highlights and identifies the complex problem of stability in the regions surrounding the towns.The Revisionists also disagree with the Soviets. They do not equate social tensions with economic or political processes at the heart of the Marxist interpretation. As the rate of progress and the level of the standard of living increases, then the Revisionists point out that it becomes exceedingly hard for the Soviets to claim that there is feudal exploitation in the towns and that people are unhappy. Also the revisionists dispute the insistence of the Soviet historians that the peasant movement followed the proletariat vanguard. Although Lenins party of a new type offered guidance, the peasants could revolt and conquer all they need by themselves. Revisionists show that Lenins genius wasnt needed, as peasants were capable of sustaining their own rev olt. One Russian proverb goes thus: Give a starving man some bread, and hell soon take the whole loaf. Expectations were high, and with every little bit of reform, the peasants insisted on more (bread).In fact the Russian peasant, in the eyes of Revisionists, soon learned the definition of starving and the reason why it was so, through an improvement of his literacy levels. The peasant became more politically conscious without the aid of the Socialists, in what ever form they came. The peasants were independent, and this would prove correct in February 1917, when they finally did seize land without much help of socialist parties. Although we know, by looking at the last two Duma compositions, that the peasants were more favourable towards the socialists. When this combined with the peasants declining respect for established authority especially the nobles, the trend of demands accelerated. If noble landownership, the prime source of peasant resentment, was far from fading peacefull y away (Acton), then the hope for stability had disappeared as the peasants clamoured for improvements both economically and politically.Stolypins policy did little or nothing to restrict or halt the ferocity of the peasants attack upon the nobility. 1905 was a prime example. Despite increases in standard of living and wages, the revolutions went ahead. This shows the peasants were in fact more aware politically and the fact that it was impossible to have economic modernisation without political liberation, such as the right to own all land. While Revisionists rightly agree that peasants could have been better off and perhaps this would have prevented revolution, they stop short of the extremities the Soviets choose to say. Revisionists contradict the central features of the Soviet camp, by stating that the situation wasnt as bad as the Soviets say it was, and that there was hope and revolution was certainly not inevitable.There was at least hope for stability. While on the other ha nd both currents of Revisionists likewise show opposition to liberal optimism by playing down the significance of reforms that liberals place, and question whether those reforms would actually lead to social stability. According to Service, the conventional wisdom and feeling has been that some kind of revolution was on the way and highly likely, just no one knew when. He further adds that basic tensions in state and society had not been alleviated, and the peasants wish for egalitarian custom and social justice would in the events of February 1917, be hard to extinguish. These were the ideals for which they (the peasants) would fight long and hard. (O. Figes)Economic transformation was also taking place in the towns. Liberals say that industrialisation would take time, and as the economy grew then conditions would improve. They say this is typical of early modernisation and after a certain period of time wages and conditions would ameliorate. The channels were being opened for peac eful management- employer bargaining within the framework of a private enterprise company (Acton), and a start had been made. However this start and likewise future progress relied on what both Soviet and Revisionist historians agree to call brutal conditions. Pitiful wages, 60- hour working week, the rate of industrial accidents horrific, overcrowded housing etc. and a general crude attitude towards the workers means that the Liberal point of view seems like capitalism was simply not being implemented properly and that serious reforms would need to be considered if that ideal liberal market place, in which workers would be able to become integrated with the rest of society (Acton), were to appear.Both Revisionists and Soviets agree that there was in reality emerging a brutal form of industrial capitalism, rather than the fostering of moderation, reformism and concern with purely economic goals that the Liberals promise. This environment was creating a more radical and politically c onscious set of workers eager to strike at any moment. While liberals assure us that without war, the levels of worker militancy would decline as workers became more capitalist minded, this is hard to reconcile with the more realistic Revisionist stance. The Revisionists in fact diametrically oppose the Liberal claim that the workers protest was becoming less intense. There remains a fact that in 1905- at a time when there was an extremely high level of protests and disturbances, there were 13, 995 strikers who attended 2, 863, 173 number of strikes.But in 1914- at a time when liberals claim there was a period of less intense protest, there are 3, 574 strikers which attended 1, 337, 458 strikes1. These figures show that a time,1914, when Liberals believe there was a less intense programme of protest, more strikes per person (374 per person) than a time, 1905, when the Liberals state there was a huge number of protests (205 per person). The Revisionists clearly put to bed any doubt a s to the stability of the Empire. They prove that the liberal view of social unrest was less intense after the reforms of the Tsar as not only an understatement but a complete distortion of the truth. And the Revisionist L. Haimson, correctly states, about the stability of the workers: By 1914, strike action was running at a rate comparable to that of 1905. Worse still, the Autocracy was being threatened by these strikes in its capital city. If the modernity and concentration of labour which St. Petersburg epitomised were the pattern of the future, the prospects for urban stability were poor.Even further, the Revisionists undermine the Liberal view point, by providing opposing facts to what the Liberals say. Indeed, there existed a fusion between economic and political goals for the workers, and it was not a Liberal labour aristocracy that emerged. That remains a Liberal dream. But in revisionist reality, it was the most urbanised workers, those with the highest levels of skills, e ducation and wages who were at the forefront of the labour protest (Acton). It shows the general level of discontentment with the autocracy, showing us that protests were not strictly tied with economic principles but also, and much more importantly with political motivations. If the print workers, exceptionally well paid individuals, were the most promising candidates for roles in the strike processions, then we are revealed a deeper sense of mistrust and uncertainty over the regime amongst normal people. We see beyond the glittering exterior of autocracy, as Pipes calls it, and see the base structures which are inherently weak and unstable. We see the pillars are wobbling inside the monarchys castle. And that in unison, Soviets and Revisionists cry that the workers really confronted the tsarist regime with a challenge it could not withstand (Acton).The politicisation of the workforce was now apparent, and the Revisionists showed that workers tended to side with socialists in the D UMA elections and Trade Union Boards (as Soviets rightly claim) but the Revisionists differ in their analysis of the nature of socialist influence. The Revisionists however limit Bolshevik influence before the war [as] less a cause than a consequence of the Russian working class radicalisation (Acton). After all, it was less thanks to Bolshevik propaganda than to personal experiences of disillusionment, disappointment, and poverty that worker radicalisation occurred. In contrast to both Soviet and Liberal interpretations, at every turn workers found themselves coming up against the State and economic grievances could only be redressed by achieving political change (Acton) which was possible without the genius of Lenin.As experience determined how Russian workers acted, then if they were to follow a reformist path in the pre- war years, then that depended on whether the delicate flowers of parliamentary politics (Acton) were given time to blossom. The impact of war combined with the character of the Tsar further fuelled the fire which was already causing the system to come apart.The pressures of the First World War threw the anachronistic traits of Russian autocracy into sharp relief, and made Nicholas II seem less like an upholder of the autocratic tradition than an unwitting satirist of it. (S. Fitzpatrick) But first it was the personal inabilities of the tsar which rocked the autocratic boat. His insistence on mentioning the principle of autocracy just as firmly as did his dead father, and opposing any real reforms took away political power from his hands and shifted the balance to the people. Also his personal deficiencies were in part responsible for his early demise, as he was neither resolute enough to uphold the status quo, nor was he dynamic or far- sighted enough to realise that through genuine reforms he would be able to avert revolution and save his familys throne.However his conservative aids were too strong to repel, and the Duma became a nothing more than a toy for the Tsar, and so he became more and more reliant on force, he lost the support of both the middle classes and the intelligentsia. The Revisionists agree with the Soviets here that the liberals were in an insoluble predicament, because although popular with the more influential individuals, they themselves proved too weak and unable to face up opposition. They could not move left because they were afraid of the masses and the potential revolutions which they could bring, and appealing to them could destroy the liberals. Neither could the move to the right and risk becoming hostages in a regime which they would exercise no control (Acton).They did not have a foothold on power nor could they present an effective opposition. With no hopes for reform, Liberals tend to single out the Tsar who by now through his own stubbornness and unwillingness to co- operate was left with quite bluntly no friends to sustain him in power. His landed nobility support was too narrow a p olitical base to keep him in power, the police force too small, corrupt and ill- trained to keep control of the towns and the Army refused to co- operate with the Tsars wishes when it itself wanted reform. The Autocratic regime was becoming more and more unstable, and the writing was on the wall before the war broke out (Acton). Tsarism was a deadlocked political system, drifting helplessly towards destruction (A. K. Wildman). War only speeded up the regimes demise, as Gorky said, one thing was clear and that was that with the entrance to the 1st World War, Russia was entering the 1st act of a worldwide tragedy.There are many points on which the Revisionists and Soviets agree, namely that by 1914 the regime was already on the road to revolution, but where as the Soviets explanations for that route take is due to the fantastical determinist highly inevitable socialist theory and the great genius of its leaders, the Revisionists point more towards personal experience being the key to the radicalisation of peasants and workers. The liberal view of gradual recovery by Russia if not for the bolt form the blue World War One seems just as unlikely as the Soviet claims. The Revisionists seems to offer a realistic explanation of the fall of one the greatest Empires of history, through a mixture of balanced arguments, analysis and a substantial examination of facts. We know that Russia was on the path to annihilation, but the Revisionists in detail provide a sensible answer, accommodating for the war being the last kick in the backside and how it proved to be the Empires undoing.

Americas Tv Role Model Essays - Television, Series, Entertainment

Americas Tv Role Model Essays - Television, Series, Entertainment Americas Tv Role Model Americas TV Role Model What America needs is a family like The Waltons, not families like The Simpsons - at least according to President George Bush. A strange remark, given that one does not normally expect the President of the United States to pass judgments on television dramas like The Waltons, let along cartoon shows like The Simpsons. The producers of The Simpsons were quick to respond, by making Bart Simpson remark that the Simpson family was really just like the Waltons family - waiting for the end of the depression. The Waltons were an imaginary rural family waiting for the 30s depression to end, while The Simpsons are a postmodern family of today. Both belong to the curious history of the American TV family. A history so central to the past, present and future of American culture that no one - not even Presidential candidates, can afford to ignore it. Before radio and television, the family home was a space that could function in relative seclusion from public life. In the advice manuals of Victorian times, the ideal middle class home was one that sheltered women and children from the evil influences of the public sphere. The virtues of thrift and self-improvement - the sort of values Bush associates with the Waltons - were a 19th century notion of the good life. In this vision of the family, men worked in the outside world and had the final say at home; women were to be protected from the outside world but managed the day-to-day business of the home and the raising of the children. Of course, things were not like that for many people, but this was the ideal that the home manuals proscribed. Every good middle class Victorian home aspired to have a piano, and women were supposed to learn to play it teach the children to play it also. The piano was a civilizing influence, supposedly. With the rise of consumerism, however, all this began to change. The phonograph, the radio and finally the television replaced the piano. The virtues of thrift and self-improvement gave way to consumerism and the pursuit of leisure for its own sake. Conservatives have always decried these changes and called for a return to the old ways, but modern capitalism depends on its consumers to keep going. Without this shift in family life from thrift to spending and from self-improvement to consumption, the industrial age might never have kept going. Indeed, the collapse of the economy that produced the return to thrift and discipline exemplified by The Waltons TV family happened in part because consumerism didn't quite take off in the 20s. It was only after the massive expansion of manufacturing that took place during the war and the deliberate efforts to turn war production into consumer production that the conditions were set for the kind of TV family we know today. The 50s saw a tremendous boom in housing construction. Young couples who had put their lives on hold during the war got into home making with a vengeance. The period of suburban ecstasy had begun. One of the new consumer technologies that filled the new suburban homes was the television. By 1955 about 65% of American homes had one. Like all new media technologies, it began by reproducing the popular fare of the media it replaced. Just as the early gramophone records were reproductions of popular music hall tunes; early television reproduced popular radio shows. This is the first phase of any new media - when it borrows and adapts the formats of the old media. Not all of the popular radio programs successfully made the transition to television. Father Knows Best, a well-known TV situation comedy of the fifties, was one program that did survive the transition from radio to television. Interestingly, the 'ethnic' radio sitcoms like Amos'n'Andy and Life with Luigi did not. The general public would listen to, but not watch, minorities on television. Father Knows Best is typical of early American TV families. Its name sums it up, really, and sums up how different it was from The Simpsons. Homer Simpson usually hasn't a clue what is best for his family or even for himself. He is a figure

These 7 Work Stereotypes about Millennials are NOT Necessarily True

These 7 Work Stereotypes about Millennials are NOT Necessarily True Millennials have been told for a decade just how bad they are at life. They’re lazy, live with their parents, are totally entitled, etc. The list goes on. If you’re a millennial, this can do a lot to hamper your self-esteem and even your career goals. But a lot of the hate out there is based on very little fact. Millennials aren’t much different from any other generation that came before. In fact, if naysayers bothered to talk to millennials, they’d find that this young generation has the same career aspirations, life goals, and general motivation as older generations. Plus, they’re indispensable: millennials will make up more than 50% of the workforce in the years to come.Given all of that, we should start debunking a few of those millennial myths.Myth #1: Millennials are all â€Å"me, me, me,† all the time.Reality: Every generation is all â€Å"me, me, me.† It’s just human nature. Every older generation thinks the new one is s elfish and self-obsessed. If you’re feeling picked on, you’re not alone. The Baby Boomers were the original â€Å"me† generation, and there’ll be more after you. Maybe you’ll even be the one doing the nagging when you’re higher up in the career ranks.Myth #2: Millennials want a party and ribbon just for showing up.Reality: Millennials don’t actually crave constant unearned acclaim. In fact, as kids they may have been trained for this by their helicopter parents, but they’re grown-ups now and want to earn their accolades like everyone else. Trust: It’s really the Baby Boomers who think all members should be rewarded when the team is successful. Millennials are pretty cutthroat and competitive about winning fair and square.Myth #3: Millennials are tech-obsessed and can’t live a life offline.Reality: Yes, millennials are strapped to their devices as though their phones are vital limbs. But they are also capable, and even eager, for face-to-face interaction when that makes most sense (i.e. in the workplace). And they’re actually more likely to draw a line between personal and professional on social media than older generations.Myth #4: Millennials are wafflers.Reality: Everyone solicits advice and gets friends, colleagues, and family to weigh in on important decisions. Millennials perhaps look to a larger variety of sources to make more informed decisions than their more independent-minded elders. This is actually a shrewd move, especially in today’s increasingly interconnected and complex business world.Myth #5: Millennials aren’t loyal and will jump ship whenever they lose interest.Reality: While â€Å"passion† is certainly important to this generation, millennials actually stay with their employers longer than their Gen X counterparts. The market is scarier and leaner out there, so they know when to stay put and be more calculating with their career moves. Perhaps they will have held more jobs by a certain age than other generations, but that has more to do with the cutthroat economy and less to do with laziness or wanderlust.Myth #6: Millennials don’t work hard.Reality: The skill set of this century is already markedly different than the skill set of the old one. Workplaces, and workplace culture, look nothing like they used to. As such, making comparisons between them is fruitless. Given the demands of today’s high tech interconnected workforce, millennials are actually working very hard and innovating at an exponential rate. They’re also a little more competitive than Baby Boomers, which goes hand-in-hand with hard work, hustle, and long hours.Myth #7: Millennials need work to babysit them.Reality: Millennials are actually quite capable of taking care of themselves. Corporations don’t have to talk down to them or treat them like children. Also, with the ever-changing structure of the workforce, millennials have a choice to work for corporations or for themselves in today’s economy. Corporations would do well to realize they need millennials more than millennials need them!

Analysis the case study sabmiller by gerry johnson 2010 Essay

Analysis the case study sabmiller by gerry johnson 2010 - Essay Example This paper looks on at the company’s performance in the year 2009 and how this was significant in terms of having to apply a number of strategies and try and boost their results a few fold. Also, different strategies that may be applied by the company as futuristic options have also been discussed within the paper with the help of which the company will be able to decide its future advantages and demerits. Briefly speaking, during the year 2009, SABMiller took a number of important steps in order to ensure that the company received a high status and was acknowledged not only in its areas of control and operations but all over the world, on a global basis. It has tried to consolidate its position in the business environment, develop its market and products in the global market, and has also tried to expand and diversify its product detailing in order to develop a stronger and better customer and target base. Almost after ten years of being listed in the stock exchange board of London, the company moved from being number 88 to the 17th position in the FTSE. Its market capitalization had also increased almost four fold. It had become the second largest brewer in the world by global standards and had a number of worldwide brands listed in its brand portfolio. However, all this recognition and success for the company came at the hands of smart decision making, excellent thinking and implementation of action as well as making good choices for strategies. SABMiller had tried to establish itself in the market by taking on its competitors and making a name for itself. It tried to create a balanced environment for itself in the market, and tried to attract global businesses from all over the world to come and partner and collaborate with it in terms of providing clientele for suppliers. With time, the company has tried to acquire as many smaller units as it can in order to help itself grow and establish a network on an international basis. This has helped it to ex pand and make other people aware of its presence in the global market. The company has tried to exploit all kinds of opportunities available to it in different countries of operation and thus has also strengthened its position by joining hands with a number of partnerships and proprietors all over in order to not only give them a chance and raise its goodwill and morality but also help itself set a good network chain. The main aim of the company is to develop a strong portfolio name for the international market and keep its customers and consumers satisfied and happy so that they establish strong connections and contacts with the company with time. The company has thus tried to move into specialty brands and become bait for a more affluent consumer group. It has been trying to locate and provide the target consumers with their needs and wants and try and not let their goals shift from those of the company’s. Yet another strategy in the entire management of the company is its will to never stop striving to do better. The company has an excellent lookout towards its smaller units and collaborations and thus always makes sure that these small intermediaries are also satisfied in terms of the kind of work that they are all carrying out for the main company. Thus, it strives to constantly keep on raising the level of performance at every localized level that it has. Its manufacturing processes have taken a

No topic Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

No topic - Coursework Example The theory is, however, silent on the concurrent promotion of one’s self interest as well as those of others; only emphasizing one’s interest as the only variable to fulfilling the basic goal of one’s happiness. It also does not inhibit actions that help others, but endorses actions of giving oneself pleasure, in effect, encouraging selfishness rather total foolishness. According to the theory, helping others does no good, for it is not only a denial of value of individualism, which in effect, degrades physically and/or emotionally wellbeing, but an offensive intrusion into other people’s business, which cannot be fulfilled by any other person other than the self, for true needs are best known only to the individual. Moreover, sustaining other people’s lives is sacrificing the individuals’ interest, which in itself is a zero sum game. The arguments are, however, at loggerheads with rational thinking. First, the argument that helping others only serves to mess them up is counterproductive. The idea of diminished individual value is also based on a false dichotomy, for it does not have to be a zero sum game as opined by the ethical egoists. Notably, the theory divides the world into two categories: the individual and all others, and actually places the former way above the latter, making it a discriminative theory grounded on irrational bases. On the contrary, we should care for others because their interests are comparable to

Report on Tesco location Essay Example for Free

Report on Tesco location Essay Introduction For the last six months I have been carrying out a thorough investigation into the suitability of a superstore in Slough. In this report I have outlined most of the key factors in this report that could contribute to the success of a superstore in Slough. Trading Estate Slough currently has the second largest trading estate in Europe, which employs over 25,000 people. Due to this there is a very high employment rate in Slough: Unemployment between 2000 2500 people (this equates to 3%) is amongst the lowest in the country. The very high employment rate in Slough means the public has a lot more spending power. This is why there is such high business activity in Slough which can only be beneficial for Tesco as they will be much more likely to get higher sales and profit. The trading estate is also reason to many people commuting into Slough regularly; Tesco could be the shop they pop into on the way home. The trading estate shows that Slough isnt a developing area rather it is a well-developed industrial area with a well-established and healthy economy, consisting of high business activity. This is one of the reasons it is a rich prosperous area, which is ideal to invest in. The Trading Estate also means that a lot of people travel into the town regularly because of the massive number of jobs available and over 32% of these jobs come from the trading estate. I believe that the number of jobs the Trading Estate currently offers is a huge benefactor to the existence of a superstore in Slough. The spending power is very high in this town and mainly due to the trading estate, there is a gap in this market in Slough and I believe Tesco should act quickly to saturate it. Ever Increasing Population Over the last 10 years the population of Slough has been increasing hugely because of interchangeable factors consisting of its closeness to London, as it is only 20 miles away. Slough Population 106600 108100 110400 112400 114500 116000 117200 117700 118600 119001 Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Above is a table showing the increase in population in Slough from 1992 2001. One of the main causes for this increase as mentioned before is the closeness to the capital, London. House prices are generally much cheaper in Slough in comparison to London and because of the little distance between the two areas, many people live in Slough and look to commute into London. As well the cheaper house prices, Slough also provides a much lower cost of living whereas London is one of the most expensive places to live in the world. In addition to this the commuters are also benefited by the fact that Slough has a lot of transport links including Bus Train stations as well as being next to the motorway. A highlight of the transport from Slough to London is that an Intercity train leaves every 15 minutes in the morning and it takes 20 minutes from Slough to Paddington. Furthermore due to the massive increase of population in Slough companies like Kingsow, Barrats and Redrow have developed and built over 2000 homes in Slough. This shows how Slough is still expanding and is a very good prospect to invest into. Due to these companies there has been huge developments in housing estates in Slough an example of this is Windsor Meadows which has been developed and accommodates much more families and as we, Tesco sell an everyday consumer product, this can only benefit us. The increasing population also relates to the amount of jobs currently offered by Slough. Slough currently provides 78,000 jobs The fact that Slough currently provides 78,000 jobs is astonishing and it is one of the key factors for so much people seeking residence in the town, attracting people from all over the country. I believe that the increase of the population is very positive and convincing. I am therefore led to believe that the population will further increase, increasing the necessity to many for a supermarket providing food and drink, Tesco. Competition Another favourable aspect of opening a superstore in Slough is the lack of competition in the area. The nearest competitor for Tesco is Sainsburys, which is around 3 miles away from the Tesco store, and it is very small in comparison to the Tesco store. The only other competitor in the Slough area is Asda which is around 3 miles away from the Tesco store and tucked away in a housing estate. This demonstrates the real lack of competition in the area and shows how easy it is for Tesco to take over the Slough supermarket share. As well as the lack of competition there is no real superstore in Slough or in any surrounding town for that matter, this will help Tesco to capture the public of Maidenhead, Marlow and Windsor etc. as well as the Slough public. This is another reason why a Tesco superstore would have no problem coping with any competition as there isnt another superstore for miles. Due to these two factors in competition, I can conclude that there is minimal risk of the investment into a superstore into Slough. I can also say that I would completely expect Tesco to get a brilliant return on their investment; it would help us to meet our Aims and Objectives and strive towards becoming a bigger and better company. I hope the information enclosed in this report is of use to you and I truly hope you decide to invest into such a prosperous location that can only take the company forward. If you should require any further information please do not hesitate to contact me.

Essay --

Reproductive System The reproductive system is a group of organs that work together to make a new life. Most organs of the reproductive system are the external genitalia and the internal organs, including gonads that produce gamete. The external genitalia are found in the pelvis and vulva and gonads are testicles and ovaries. The female reproductive organs are found inside of the pelvis and most of the male reproductive organs are found outside the body. Most of the organ of a male reproductive system is the penis and a female is the vagina. The breasts are one of many parts of the reproductive system. The breasts are organs that have mammary glands, milk ducts, and adipose tissue. In the middle of each breast is a nipple that releases milk when production for a new life has begun. The areola is a thick piece of skin that surrounds the nipple and protects the tissues under when your breastfeeding. There are many types’ problems that have to do with the breast like breast cancer. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast, usually starts in the inside the milk ducts or lobules. A malignant tumor is a cancer cells that can grow into in tissues or spread to different parts of the body. Doctors say one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. Breast cancer is the mostly diagnosed in women, and the second leading cause of death for them. Even though breast cancers are mostly found in women men can get it to but it’s very rare. Doctors are not really sure what the exact cause of breast cancer. Doctors say some of the causes can be, the older you get your chances rise, starting periods before the age twelve or going through menopause before the age fifty-five. Risk of b... ... cells, or by placing radioactive material inside your body; side effects can include fatigue, sun burn rash or tissue may seem swollen. There are different types of stages of breast cancer. Staging tells how far the cancer has spread within the body, staging is determined after breast cancer has been diagnosed and stages from 0 to 4 depending on how far its spread. Stage 0 cancer cells are only found in one location, Stage I cancer cells have left the milk ducts but haven’t reached the lymph nodes, Stage II cancer increases in size and has reached the armpit lymph nodes, Stage III cancer has spread to the cervical lymph nodes or tissue around the breast, Stage IV cancer has spread to other organs. Treatments are Herceptin witch cause cells to die, Kadcyla a cell killing drug let into the cancer cells, Tykerb and Perjeta. All these treatments have side effects.

The Death of the Moth Analysis

Life is a constant struggle against the ever present chill of death. Fear, betrayal, and cowardice all stems from life’s distaste of death. Human beings naturally rebuke the unknown, so it is only logical that people fight the inevitability of death. However, most people are ignorant of the reality of one day dying, prompting writer Virginia Woolf to write the essay, â€Å"The Death of the Moth†, in order to convey the frailty of life whilst also showing the awesome might of death.In the essay, her main purpose is to show that the moth embodies the human race, and that death is an inevitable fact of life no matter how much the human race struggles to stay alive. Woolf is able to get her purpose across by utilizing her unique style of writing. This is achieved by sympathizing with the moth throughout the essay, switching the narration between her internal personal struggles and external struggles of the moth, and changing the entire tone of the essay when the different t hemes of life and death are explored.Using her distinct writing style, Woolf delves into the wonders of life, and the ever present battle against death. One of the techniques Woolf uses in her writing style is employing empathy within the readers. She strives to create an emotional connection between the reader and the subject of the essay. In this case, Woolf directs her use of empathy with the main character of the story, which is the moth. Even before delving into the life of the moth, Woolf begins to refer to the moth as â€Å"he† instead of â€Å"it†, suggesting that the reader relates to the moth on a more personal level, rather than viewing him as just another insignificant bug.This creates a personal bond between the reader and the moth, resembling that of a companionship. Instantly, Woolf has been able to get the audience interested and emotionally invested in her essay by simply referring to the moth as a â€Å"he†. Furthermore, she proceeds to observe this moth closely, refusing to divert her attention to the happenings around her. As the moth lives his carefree life by vibrantly flying around, Woolf cannot help but pity the insignificance he has in the grand scale of things. ‘â€Å"One could not help watching him. One, was, indeed, conscious of a queer feeling of pity for him.The possibilities of pleasure seemed that morning so enormous and so various that to have only a moth’s part in life, and a day moth’s at that, appeared a hard fate, and his zest in enjoying his meager opportunities to the full, pathetic’† (Woolf 1). She continually pities the fact that the moth continues to make the most of his desperate and futile situation. No matter his frailty and impending doom, the moth continues to carelessly dance around the windowpane, either because he is unaware that he will soon die, or because he chooses not to care about his demise.However, Woolf begins to realize that the moth’s stre ngth is failing him, and she comes to the cold conclusion that he is at death’s door. Not soon after that, the moth senses that his strength is failing him, but even upon knowing his inevitable death, the moth continues to fight. Woolf’s heart goes out to the insect. ‘â€Å"It was superb this last protest, and so frantic that he succeeded at last in righting himself. One’s sympathies, of course, were all on the side of life (Woolf 2)’†. She resolves to root for the moth, and applaud his final protest against death.By the use of her writing style, Woolf has caused the audience to root for the moth’s final efforts along with her. By getting so emotionally invested in this moth, the audience realizes that no matter what happens, death will win, which saddens the readers. Their fellow comrade will fall, and it alerts everybody of the harshness of the situation. In reality people fight to live, but everyone will die just like that moth, and by creating an emotional attachment between the readers and the moth, people begin to understand the frailty of existence through this insignificant moth.In addition to creating empathy, Woolf uses a beautifully poetic method in getting her purpose across, which is exploring the external struggles of the moth while employing those struggles to her own personal demons. She is able to switch the narratives between external and internal conflict without the audience even realizing it. Through the use of her vivid imagery and lucid writing style, Woolf achieves this double narrative story without the readers even consciously aware of it.This use of story-telling gives the readers multiple sides of the story, and is able to relate the tragic happenings of the moth to the even more tragic workings of Woolf’s mind. At first she explores the failing strength of the moth, which is the entire basis of the essay. ‘â€Å"After perhaps a seventh attempt he slipped from the wooden ledge and fell, fluttering his wings, on to his back on the windowsill. The helplessness of his attitude roused me†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Woolf 2). However, she begins to directly correlate these outside and physical experiences to the internal conflict and drama she’s been feeling.‘â€Å"But, as I stretched out a pencil, meaning to help him to right himself, it came over me that the failure and awkwardness were the approach of death. I laid the pencil down again’† (Woolf 2). Upon trying to help the moth, she soon sees how her actions would only prove to be futile, causing her to give up trying to help. This leads internal conflict within her, because she questions the use of fighting to stay alive when death will happen anyways. This causes her to pity the moth, who continually attempts to live, even though there’s no use. The internal trauma Woolf feels comes to a climax when the moth succumbs to death.‘â€Å"Just as life had been strange a few mi nutes before, so death was now as strange. The moth having righted himself now lay most decently and uncomplainingly composed. O yes, he seemed to say, death is stronger than I am’† (Woolf 3). Woolf is amazed at how quickly and easily death came, and how death was an endless wave of mystery. In the end, she comes to terms with the fact that death will always triumph life, no matter how much people fight to live. By using both internal and external conflict to express this ongoing battle, the reader completely grasps the theme of inevitability of death by seeing multiple examples presented to them.The last technique used by Woolf in her particular style is the use of tone and the words she chooses to employ throughout the entirety of her essay. In the beginning of the essay, the tone is light, having a congenial feel to it. The words used by Woolf flow very smoothly, and through the use of the happy and flowing words, she conveys the joys of life. She is basically celebr ating the life and energy of the moth. ‘â€Å"Nevertheless the present specimen, with his narrow hay-colored wings, fringed with a tassel of the same color, seemed to be content with life.It was a pleasant morning, mid-September, mild, benignant, yet with a keener breath than that of the summer months’† (Woolf 1). Woolf was renowned for her colorful language and the constant flow of the text. However, once the idea of death is introduced, the essay begins to take a morbid turn. A sense of foreboding is introduced into the mix, and the style of the writing changes. Instead of the flowing writing style and beautiful imagery, Woolf switches to longer sentences that contain different literary devices and the use of words is choppier rather than flowing.‘â€Å"When there was nobody to care or to know, this gigantic effort on the part of an insignificant little moth, against a power of such magnitude, to retain what no one else valued or desired to keep, moved o ne strangely. Again, somehow, one saw life, a pure bead’† (Woolf 2). Woolf doesn't utilize just words, but emotions in helping us to understand the full impact of death. Upon the introduction of the death of the moth, the demise of Woolf’s usual flowing writing occurs as well. By using different writing styles within the same essay, Woolf is able to achieve her purpose by creating a sense of dread within the reader.The theme of the inevitability of death is portrayed so skillfully by Woolf’s use of imagery and tone. Woolf’s skillful writing style is used to convey the absoluteness of death in a way that no other author is able to accomplish. By using empathy through the moth, conveying internal and external conflict, and using different tones and writing styles within the essay, Woolf was able to accomplish her purpose of showing the frailty of life, and how death will always triumph, no matter the struggle against it. People usually ignore this har sh fact, but Woolf was able to convey it through emotions rather than words, so people easily understood.

PHP vs. ASP Scripting Software Research Paper Essay

ABSTRACT This paper examines the differences between the ASP (Active Server Pages) and PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) scripting languages. Both ASP and PHP are scripting languages that can be used to create dynamic web pages which are capable of interacting and exchanging information with databases. ASP is a Microsoft product, and is used with Internet Information Server (IIS) which runs on Microsoft Servers. PHP was originally designed by Rasmus Lerdorf, and was later modified by various people. As a parsing language, PHP can run both on Unix and Linux servers, and also has a version that runs on an NT server. This paper also discusses the differences in cost, speed, integration of features, speed, additional costs, base language, database connectivity and Platform Compatibility between both languages. This paper also presents some suggestions offer recommendations as to when one of these languages should be preferred over the other, and how efficiency can be maximized in the usage of each of these scripting languages Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ASP and PHP are both website design scripting languages that are processed by backend severs like Apache Server and Windows OS. Apache Server is usually used for PHP and a Windows OS with IIS Server is used to process ASP scripted websites. PHP processed website scripts can also be processed by UNIX OS backend servers, while Window OS IIS backend servers are used to process ASP scripts. ASP.NET is part of the .NET Framework and is the core technology for developing web applications and XML Web Services. ASP.NET is a compiled, .NET-based environment; you can author applications in any .NET compatible language, including Visual Basic .NET, C#, and JScript .NET. Additionally, the entire .NET Framework is available to any ASP.NET application. Developers can easily access the benefits of these technologies, which include the managed common language runtime environment, type safety, inheritance, and so on. .NET developers write Web Parts using Visual Studio.NET 2003. The Web Part Framework is the basis for extensibility in Windows SharePoint Services. It allows developers to write custom components that plug into the SharePoint infrastructure by encapsulating web services and enterprise data as Web Parts. Web Part Pages are special ASP.NET pages which are the building blocks of a Windows SharePoint Services based data driven web site. Web page authors can use Microsoft FrontPage 2003 to leverage Windows SharePoint Services and use the Web Part Framework to easily build data driven web sites using a library of readily available web parts. Microsoft FrontPage 2003 integrates closely with Windows SharePoint Services and is the easiest and the most powerful web site design tool that enables creation of a new category of collaborative, scalable, data driven web sites. (http://www.sharepointcustomization.com/resources/whitepapers/webpartdocs/wp_asp_net.doc)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PHP and ASP are the two best web technologies in use today. In their own ways, they have created trust and market for their product and development environment, although many people are of the opinion that PHP is an all around better choice than ASP.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Anstey, â€Å"PHP belongs to a free software community and open source general purpose software which is very easy to use and correct its bugs from the community of developers around the world.† (Anstey 2003). ASP runs on an IIS server and is a free component with the Microsoft windows operating system. ASP offers various useful features like type safety, inheritance, and a managed common language runtime environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a broad sense, PHP is scripting Language, while ASP.NET is a Designing Tool. Also, PHP contains mainly scripting tabs, with a minimum number of controls being used, while ASP.Net has a lot of controls to the designing process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ASP.NET is a unified Web development platform that provides services necessary for developers to build enterprise-class Web applications. ASP.NET provides programming model and infrastructure for more secure, scalable, and stable applications. ASP.NET is a compiled, .NET based web environment developed in .NET compatible languages like Visual Basic .NET, C#, JScript.NET, etc. Additionally, the entire .NET Framework is available to any ASP.NET application. Developers can easily access the benefits of this technology, which includes the managed common language runtime environment, type safety, and inheritance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From many views and perspectives, PHP is an overall better choice than ASP. Although both ASP and PHP are languages used to build Dynamic Web sites that can interact with Databases and exchange information. ASP (Active Server Pages) is from Microsoft and is used with IIS (Internet Information Server) that runs on Microsoft Servers. PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is from Rasmus Lerdorf, who originally designed this parsing language which was later modified by different people. It runs on Unix and Linux servers and it also has an NT server version. (Pires, Halstatt 2005. ASP vs. PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The foundation of all Web applications is that they deliver dynamic content over a protocol which by model is stateless. Most of the ASP.NET developments fall in client-server architecture programming model. Minimal points to be considered for a typical web application modeled as client-server architecture are given below. User interface and client environment (Page layout). Data verification, transfer and store. Security. Scalability, reliability and availability of the application. Optimized resource utilization and performance. Handling unpleasant instances gracefully. Navigation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PHP traces back to the development of Perl and C which emerged quite successfully as a result of the contribution of the various programmers around the globe and as a result of its being an open community. The various versions came out successfully through 1997 to 2004 where the features were added and successfully taken up to cater to the development paradigm of the large scale of internet users.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ASP came handy with Windows 95 with the features of IIS server installed. It was an established standard which takes into account the various databases into consideration and is based on the COM model. The various differences among PHP and ASP make sure that all to a good extent the feature are compiled and carries enough advantage to understand the loopholes and make sure that all the various utilities are enforced well. Differences between PHP and ASP   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PHP and ASP depict a large array of differences in the form of various factors. Some differences between ASP and PHP include differences in cost, speed, integration of features, speed, additional costs, base language, database connectivity and Platform Compatibility. Cost   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As PHP is not singly owned by any individual or an organization, it does not require purchase before use. â€Å"PHP uses a database technology named MySQL for back-end support. MySQL is also available free of cost.† (DuBois, 2002). The hosting and deployment of PHP webpages into the Linux server is quite affordable and can be done with ease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"ASP is synchronized with the Microsoft Windows operating system and comes along with it, thereby bearing the cost of the operating system.† (Glass 2004) Moreover, hosting ASP pages over the internet is expensive and features like email, file uploading and other features are quite expensive at the same time. PHP is free, but ASP is not free. If you want to use ASP, you have to use IIS, and if you want to use IIS, you have to buy Windows. Traditionally, the cost of Windows has been high. Microsoft has been aggressively trying to reduce this factor but they’re hardly going to give Windows away for free. The cost of running an ASP-based website implies a full Windows server platform; development costs are higher, software licenses are expensive and speed, security and flexibility are all sacrificed. (Anstey, M 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     To run ASP programs, one needs IIS installed on a Windows platform server, which is not free. PHP programs can run on Linux, which is free. Even the connectivity of the database is expensive in the case of ASP as MS-SQL is a Microsoft product that needs to be purchased. PHP generally uses MySQL, which is freely available.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of the tools used in PHP are free of charge and a lot of PHP code can be found in open source forums, because PHP is open source. â€Å"PHP also has inbuilt features like ftp, email from a web page and even encryption mechanisms but such features are not built into ASP, which requires some additional components. Therefore additional costs might be incurred for such components.† (Pires, Halstatt 2005. ASP vs. PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php) Speed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of speed, PHP is faster than ASP, because when the speed of PHP and ASP are compared, PHP would have the upper hand. â€Å"This is due to the fact that PHP code runs faster than ASP. Also, ASP is built on COM based architecture, which is an overhead for the server, whereas PHP code runs in its own memory space.† (Pires, Halstatt 2005. ASP vs. PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php) Integration with operating environments and databases   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PHP makes sure that all the operating environments are taken care to its fullest capability and is compatible with Windows, UNIX, Linux, Solaris and others. Its platform dependency format makes sure that all the various compatibility with operating environments makes it quite viable in nature. PHP integrates with the databases like MySQL and others in a great fashion. â€Å"ASP on the other hand is compatible with Windows only and makes sure that Microsoft oriented databases like MSSQL server would be well integrated with it. For other database platforms it requires to download various libraries and components for integration and workability.† (Hull, 2002) Performance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PHP is an interpreted language and make sure that the interpreted nature makes it fast for getting the customization done. The memory requirement of the PHP pages is quite optimizable and runs very fast with the greater understanding of the various features. Database connections of PHP are also quite flexible and make sure that all the various database functionality like stability, transactions, replication, triggers and stored procedures are handled quite well (Merrall, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ASP on the other hand is a compiled language and the software glitches are quite often not corrected or take a long time to get it done. The compiled nature makes sure that all the various factors like throughput and response time is quite low for the hosted pages. Its exclusivity with Microsoft windows operating system makes it platform independent with regard to various hosting and access problems. PHP offers the best integration of speed and performance, and ensures that all the various promises are met for catering to the web development. ASP is most suitable with the Microsoft platform and makes sure that all the features are captured and managed for the various services. (Zhang, 1999). Base Language   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ASP has a type of syntax that resembles Visual Basic, and is closely related to Microsoft products. In contrast, PHP is based on the C++ language, and the syntax used for PHP looks a lot like C/C++ programming syntax. â€Å"C/C++ is still considered the best programming language by many programmers and people who love this language would surely feel more comfortable with the syntax of PHP.† (Pires, Halstatt 2005. ASP vs. PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php) Enhanced capabilities and compatibility   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These include file transfer programs and utilities, compression of data, uploading of files, integration of XML an MD5, encryption techniques and email facilities are not included in ASP, even if it does it requires the support of large third party packages installed, which are very easily integrated in PHP. PHP.net (2008) mentions that complex functions like dynamic images, IMAP, SNMP, dynamic flash, PDF, native access to Oracle, Ovrimos, Postgre, Sybase, mSql, MSSQL, Ingres, Interbase and Informix databases, LDAP, and sockets and many others are easily integrated with PHP, â€Å"however it would create a big problem with its integration with ASP. PHP is compatible with various web servers for its functioning however ASP requires it to be easily integrated with only IIS and PWS† as explained by Pires (2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PHP programs can run on various platforms like Linux, Unix, Windows and Solaris whereas ASP is mainly associated with Windows platforms. However, ASP can run on a Linux platform with ASP-Apache installed on the server. PHP is based on C++ language and the syntax used in PHP is quite similar to C/C++. C/C++ is still considered the best programming language by many programmers and people who love this language would surely feel more comfortable with the syntax of PHP. ASP on the other hand has a more Visual Basic kind of syntax that again is closely related to only Microsoft products. So, it depends on the individual, and which language he or she is comfortable with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Database connectivity, PHP is being extremely flexible, and can connect to various databases, the most popular being MySQL. ASP mainly uses MS-SQL for databases. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Although both ASP and PHP are good web server end languages for web development, there are some differences between them that should be considered to ensure that factors like cost, installation, performance, and compatibility issues are economized to the full extent. Both languages have advantages specific to various users. Some would argue that both languages have their own importance, and usage of either ASP or PHP depends on the user’s requirements, the language and the platform in use. â€Å"If a user is looking for some e-commerce application development then ASP is probably the ideal choice. This does not mean that PHP cannot provide e-commerce solutions, but a lot of people tend to choose ASP in such instances.† (Pires, Halstatt 2005). If we talk about developing a discussion board then ASP is equally capable but some people feel that the best discussion boards are developed using PHP.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While PHP offers the best integration of speed and performance, and ensures that most web development requirements are met, ASP is most suitable with the Microsoft platform, and enables features to be captured and managed for various services. References Anstey, Marty (2003). PHP vs ASP. Retrieved 19, February 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://marty.anstey.ca/programming/php/articles/ An Architectural Introduction to Web Parts and ASP.NET A Microsoft ® Office FrontPage ®   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2003 White Paper. (Retreived from   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.sharepointcustomization.com/resources/whitepapers/webpartdocs/wp_asp_net.doc Argence d Ricardo (2008). Web Hosting, PHP vs AS.P. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://articles.topofhosting.com/web-hosting-php-asp.php DuBois, Paul (2002). MySQL Cookbook. O’Reilly, October 2002. Glass, Michael (2004). Beginning PHP, Apache, Hull, Sean (2002). PHP vs. ASP.NET Redux. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/columns/hull_php2.html Merrall, Graeme (2000). PHP/MySQL Tutorial MySQL ® Web Development. Wiley Publicizing sons. ISBN: 0-7645-5744-0. PHP.net (2008). See: http://www.php.net/manual/en Pires, Halstatt (2005). ASP vs. PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php Zhang, Ying (1999). Web Database Step-by-Step Guide.

Movie Before Sunset

Movie Before Sunset Urban planning is defined as the process of controlling the utilization of design and land of an urban development, with the aim of ensuring that communities and settlements in the urban areas are orderly developed. Urban planning is concerned with analysis and research, urban design, policy recommendations, strategic thinking, management and implementation of recommended policies. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Before Sunset specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The modern urban planning methods started to be used during mid-19th century, as a solution to the disorder experienced in the industrial cities. In addition, urban planning includes urban renewal, under which urban planning methods are adopted to an existing city that has been undergoing a fast decline. Paris is one of the cities that underwent the adoption of urban planning methods under the Haussman plan that was used to give modern day Paris its pres ent structure. Though Before Sunset is a romantic movie set in Paris in 2004, it can be used to analyze such aspects of urban planning as neighborhood gathering places, importance of open spaces for a big city, mixed use concept as well as urban density and elements for physical design. Neighborhood gathering places are places where people from the same neighborhood meet to connect and socialize. Places like tea or coffee shops, parks, town squares, outdoor spaces, bars, restaurants or public access buildings form major neighborhood gathering places. The fact that urban planning ensures orderly development of communities and settlements makes neighborhood gathering places very essential. This is because they are evidences of an orderly developed settlement, as they provide the people of one neighborhood with the chance to connect and socialize. Such places are represented in the movie by the cafà © and garden that Jesse and Celine visit during their time together. The sequence o f the movie might not have capitalized on the people in the cafà ©, as this sequence focused more on Jesse and Celine, but all the people in the cafà © were involved in a series of conversations and most of them seemed to know each other. This clearly happens between people from the same neighborhood and if more investigations were made on the crowd in the cafà ©, evidence would have been collected to show that most were from the same neighborhood. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In many cases, people strolling in a garden come from the neighborhood in which the garden is situated. For this reason, the garden through which Jesse and Celine passed can be identified as a neighborhood gathering place. Proper urban planning puts open places into consideration when designing a big city. Such open spaces include parks and rivers, which are important because they improve t he overall urban life quality, strengthen the community, form an urban oasis, enhance recreation and health, promote relaxation and reduce stress, enhance property values, ensure ecological conservation and promotes creativity. In Before Sunset, the open spaces are represented by the garden and The Seine that forms the major places that Jesse and Celine visited during the short period they spent together in Paris. Many properties and companies are located along the Seine. This is because the properties and companies located along the open spaces are know to be of a higher value as compared to their counterparts that are situate in other areas. Recreational and commercial boats are used in negotiating the river, which increases the value of the properties along it. Essentially, the recreation boats are utilized by most people to promote relaxation and relieve stress as well as enhance health and recreation. Many creative artistic expressions can be found in the garden that Jesse a nd Celine passed through and hence it is used for promoting creativity. In addition it is used for ecological conservation. Mixed-use development forms a fundamental aspect of urban planning that ensures the utilization of a set of buildings, neighborhood or building for many uses. In many Paris boulevards, commercial activities, jobs and housing are located in close proximity, with the aim of increasing the transportation options. Additionally, such developments increase property values as they are located in urban areas or new town centers. Le Corbusier is a modern architect who was an advocate of the Syndicalist Movement that proposed the mixed-use developments of such areas in Paris as Ville Contemporaine, Ville Radieuse and Plan Voison. Some scenes of Before Sunset are shot in street that have the same plans as those proposed for Ville Contemporaine, Ville Radieuse and Plan Voison by Le Corbusier. Though these scenes capitalize on the conversation between Celine and Jesse, the major characteristics of Mixed-use developments can be witnessed in such streets. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Before Sunset specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of these streets have a combination of commercial, office, industrial, residential as well as other land uses. Additionally some of the streets seen by Celine and Jesses as they negotiate the Seine in a recreational boat have the same characteristic of the Mixed-use developments. These therefore form a major aspect of urban planning in the movie. Urban density as utilized in urban planning and design refers to the number of people living in a give urban area. This term is used to help people understand how cities work. In many cases, urban density is measured using Floor area ratio, Residential density, population density, employment density, gross density, net density, and weighted density. In many cases, urban density is utilized as a major e lement of the physical design of a city. The main difference between Paris and Los Angeles is their physical design that is dependent on their urban density. The urban density of Paris is less as compared to that of New York. This is the reason why New York is characterized by greater road congestions, higher air pollution and more expensive real estate as compared to Paris. As Celine and Jesse walk in the street, their conversation spans through many subjects that span over the major differences between New York and Paris. Such conversations make the main basis for differentiating between the urban density of Paris and New York. Essentially, this conversation and the evidence collected as they walk through the streets ascertain the reason why the urban planning and design of Paris is as it is. This is because it is dependent on urban density. Before Sunset is a movie that has been reviewed from different aspects, but no reviews have never been made based on urban planning. In thi s case, urban planning forms the basis of this review and it is defined as the process of controlling the utilization of design and land of an urban development with the aim of ensuring that communities and settlements in the urban areas are orderly developed. Neighborhood gathering places, importance of open spaces for a big city, mixed use concept as well as urban density and elements for physical design, are the main aspects utilized to analyze urban planning in the movie. The cafà © and garden that Jesse and Celine visit form the neighborhood gathering places in the movie. The importance of spaces for a big city is brought out by the Seine and garden visited by Celine and Jesse. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The streets that Celine and Jesse traverse bring out the Mixed-use concept in the movie and the conversations between Celine and Jesse bring out the aspect of Urban Density and elements of physical design. In conclusion, though Before Sunset is a romantic movie set in Paris in 2004, it can be used to analyze such aspects of urban planning as neighborhood gathering places, importance of open spaces for a big city, mixed use concept as well as urban density and elements for physical design.

Calculating pH of a Strong Acid - Chemistry Problems

Calculating pH of a Strong Acid - Chemistry Problems A strong acid is one that completely dissociates into its ions in water. This makes calculating the hydrogen ion concentration, which is the basis of pH, easier than for weak acids. Heres an example of how to determine pH of a strong acid. pH Question What is the pH of a 0.025 M solution of hydrobromic acid (HBr)? Solution to the Problem Hydrobromic Acid or HBr, is a strong acid and will dissociate completely in water to H and Br-. For every mole of HBr, there will be 1 mole of H, so the concentration of H will be the same as the concentration of HBr. Therefore, [H] 0.025 M. pH is calculated by the formula pH - log [H] To solve the problem, enter the concentration of the hydrogen ion. pH - log (0.025)pH -(-1.602)pH 1.602 Answer The pH of a 0.025 M solution of Hydrobromic Acid is 1.602. One quick check to make sure your answer is reasonable is to verify the pH is closer to 1 than to 7 (certainly not higher than this.) Acids have a low pH value. Strong acids typically range in pH from 1 to 3.

Public's general impression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public's general impression - Essay Example The purpose of learning human relations concepts is to enable the organization members to work more effectively with other people in organizations. The study of human relations is not intended to discover clever techniques for winning friends and influencing people through personality development, nor to enable one to manipulate people to his own advantage. However, in understanding behavioral concepts, one is able to determine better options for solving problems, since all problems are unique in themselves, as to source, issue, people involved, time, place, and situational circumstances. Human relations, as a field of social skills, involve the appreciation of the various behavioral sciences such as psychology, economics, sociology, anthropology and education. It is likewise concerned with the why of people’s behavior in groups and what can be done to prevent and resolve conflict among organizational members. Retention of employees plays a major role in enabling the company to keep its best employees by providing competitive compensation and to recruit potential employees by engaging them with the benefits of being within the organization. It is more costly to lose an employee than to have a new one. In order to maintain a stable workforce, organizations with the help of human resource specialists should attempt to satisfy the worker’s demand for fair labor practice and equitable share in profits of the enterprise. Arbitration is instituted by the government as a due process to enable management and labor to come to reasonable terms and ensure work productivity. Compensation for labor must be established in accordance with the degree of contribution each position gives to the financial and management success of the organization. The Human Resource Specialist will serve as the means of communication for the management

How Does Real Estate Affect the US Economy Assignment

How Does Real Estate Affect the US Economy - Assignment Example It might be interesting to note that many sources define real estate as "land and everything made permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein" (Real Estate 2007). It is important to remember that the land may not be worth very much in and of itself. It is valuable because of the interest it holds for the owner. Perhaps the land is valuable because of its position in relation to something else. Or it could be valuable because of what lies underneath the soil such as oil, minerals, or even archeological treasures. Or perhaps valuable things reside on its surfaces such as timber, animals, or historical sites. Or it could simply be that the most valuable asset of land is what it can be used for. It then becomes clear that the true purpose of real estate is to create a situation in which the land is developed so it is being used to appropriately further the interest of its owner. According to a brief review of real estate in Wikipedia (Real Estate 2008) real estate covers every step in the process of acquiring or disposing of land. When an individual wishes to find a particular property she may consult a real estate brokerage in hopes of either buying property or investing in the property.   Some individuals wish to retain ownership of their property for a variety of reasons but may allow others to use it. They may rent out the buildings or give permission for the land to be farmed or for a profit-generating structure to be built on it. In cases where the primary purpose of a property is to make a profit those involved move into the area of commercial real estate. Commercial real estate can involve the building of a hospital, parking garage, shopping mall, and in some cases (especially for tax and loan purposes) residential structures which will house a specific number of people (Real Estate 2008). Keeping in mind that real estate includes the buildings as well as the land such individuals may require assistance in keeping up with all the things required of the myriad options and transactions required in dealing with property. Real estate has taken this into account and created yet another subfield called property management that devotes its time and resources to exactly this sort of arrangement. Property management tends to be a highly sought real estate service especially among those individuals who own several properties that are rented out and for commercial properties (Real Estate 2008).

Port Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Port Management - Essay Example These include increased competition among ports, changes in transport technology and ports, and internal competition for global markets. Over the recent years, lending agencies and governments have come to agree on the view that the participation of the private sector can be a powerful tool for improving the performance of port assets. Many government officials and port managers believe that privatization is the only way in which the performance of public port organizations can be improved. This view emerges from the believe that some specific characteristics of the private sector are very critical in the achievement of the desired commercial success in ports. Currently, many ports have undergone reformations with an aim of reducing the role of government in port operations. In this case, the government is supposed to maintain the landlord function only. Port reform also enables a port to obtain financial autonomy and achieve increase productivity. The aim of this report is to analyz e the benefits and burdens of port reform with respect to existing forms of reform. The main objective of the report is to analyze the benefit offered by each form of port reform. Finally, the paper determines if the benefits of port reform overweigh its burdens. 2.0 Benefits of port reform 2.1 Forms of port reform strategy The overall benefit of port reform is improved operational and organizational performance. This can be achieved through the adoption of an appropriate form of port reform strategy. These forms include commercialization, privatization, corporation, liberalization or deregulation port services and modernization of Port Administration and management. These strategies present different benefits hence they are normally chosen depending on setting of the specific port. 2.1.1 Commercialization In commercialization, a public port is not changed into a private company. However, the port authorities apply accounting and management principles which are similar to those of p rivate companies. The main benefits that commercialization offers to a port is the attainment of increased accountability and autonomy in terms of decision-making and overall performance. This means that a port is free to adopt the characteristics and practices of private sector and the end results of such step improved efficiency and profitability. Commercialization as a reform strategy is characterized by decentralization of the decision-making process. This means the port management does not have to wait for a government dictate each and everything that happens in the port. Instead, they are able to make prompt decisions or change former decisions as dictated by circumstances. Decentralization also encourages specialization which is important in the delivery of quality services or leadership. Gos (1990) states that the involvement of government in port management complicates the hierarchy of its management hence commercialization as a port reform strategy therefore helps to relax this hierarchy. This enables the port management to exercise more control over, procurement and purchasing, budgeting, hiring and firing, maintenance strategies and

Diplomacy in International Relations

Diplomacy in International Relations Each century believes that its time is exclusive and uncommon, an ideal change from past actions and how international relations was regulated. Diplomacy is an art and process of handling and managing negotiations, usually between states and/or states’ representatives, it involves mediation and intervention of trained diplomats regarding matters of trade, culture, human rights, peace and reconciliation, economy, security, wars and the environment. Diplomacy is usually operated under the institution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) which serves and acts as the principal contact for diplomatic and strategic missions, it also works with established institutions through which its diplomatic services are realised (Embassies and Consulates). The Embassy serves as a representative building that houses diplomats (envoys, ministers, and ambassadors, consulates). It served as a point where citizens and tourists can go to, to seek for help in the circumstances of any trouble. Dip lomats often work within the MFA in the capacity of representation, advocacy, negotiation, policy advice and representation and policy coordination. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in its contemporary model has evolved as a major system and school of the Westphalia order that is it can be seen as a combination of procedures, rules, standards and patters that controls and coordinates formal communication and interaction among nations. Diplomacy operates differently from one state to the other based on practices and conducts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that has increasingly evolved over many years of interstate communications. This system is entrenched within the MFA through which messages and information is passed across to and from domestic governments and foreign governments; advice on policies of international matters, conducting foreign affairs. In present times, as a result of revolution, the institutionalised methods of interaction between states is under pressure. The a im of this essay is to examine to what extent the MFA is an evolving institution. The evolution of the MFA is examined within the context of traditional diplomacy as posited by Young (1921), this will be contrasted with text Jorge (2006) which explores the MFA as a continuum through the rise of multilateral diplomacy which is a shift away from bilateral diplomacy. Traditional diplomacy also referred to as old diplomacy. In earlier times to mid nineteenth century, the MFA, which is a body through which the foreign affairs of a country is managed, practised traditional diplomacy solely (Young 1921) Traditional diplomacy can be examined in three scopes; the structure which is based on state approach where the state is the principal actor in international affairs, the process which has been a private affair for a very long time due to its bilateral nature, it depended on a limited frame work instead of other diplomatic approaches and lastly, the agenda of traditional diplomacy which is basically on security matters (Anderson 1993). Traditional diplomacy as practised under the MFA rested on the premise of the charismatic nature of the society, it relied on a form of limited social contact which had elements of stereotype ideas of gentle and noble diplomats. Aristocrats were the major players in the time when traditional diplomacy was strictly pract ised by foreign affairs institutions as a result of the priority placed on ownership of property, the distinctiveness of the appointment procedures of diplomats and also the idea that only certain class and members of the society has the essential character to be outstanding diplomats (Young 1921). Calculated efforts were made to manage and carry out diplomatic activities secretly the foreign office (MFA) usually responded with consternation whenever those outside the aristocratic class get wind of diplomatic business or try to gain knowledge of foreign office activities (Kennan 1984). The activities of the MFA was in most cases shielded from public scrutiny and perusal, this is because the appointments of diplomats within the foreign office is tightly controlled and managed by the executive arm of the government and in some cases, they were under the direct ruling of the monarch, this was encouraged due to the nineteenth century limited size of the diplomatic society (Kissinger 201 2). During the most part of the 19th century, embassies were few, hence, there was limited room to get into the top level in the diplomatic community and service. In the late 1860s, Britain had only 7 embassies around the world due to its practice of old diplomacy and the limitations this practice to expansion of the MFA roles and functions (Watson 1984). The MFA’s function is to coordinate and manage bilateral and multilateral relations between nations and its state, it also managed administration, protocol and consular activities. Although traditional diplomacy has been the bedrock of contemporary diplomacy under the MFA, it is considerably and extensively supplemented by new features which shows the evolving institution of the MFA as posited by Young (1921). Jorge (2006) asserts that the conception of multilateral diplomacy accounts for the evolving institution of MFAs around the world. Multilateral diplomacy has to totally taken the place of bilateral diplomacy rather, beach has individual roles to play and are both means by which countries seek after their goals and objectives, this indicates that bilateral and multilateral diplomacy are both embedded in the international structure the practice of multilateral diplomacy has increased over the years which involves a dramatic shift in how international actors operates and also foreign policy at the end of the cold war (Langhorne 2005: 332). There are two major determinants that accounts for the evolution of the MFA; the emergence of new communication and information techniques and its influence on the diplomatic process, the rise of various diplomatic actors, (non-state actors in particular) which has become a primary part of international affairs and relations, therefore, state actors a re no longer sole participants in the diplomatic process, a few scholars have termed this to be the end of state actors’ involvement (Winston 1992)diplomacy under the MFA is now experiencing major transformations in reaction to the developments in information technology, which does not only have enormous effects on the diplomatic process but which has also brought about other models of diplomacy; public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, transformational diplomacy, diaspora diplomacy and virtual diplomacy (Jorge 2006). Multilateral diplomacy fully emerged in the twentieth century after the establishment of the League of Nations created after the First World War and also the creation of the United Nations after the Second World War due to the increase in globalisation and inter dependency between nation states. The MFA has evolved and embraced multilateral diplomacy more than ever before. As the world becomes more accessible with the aid of advancement in technology, it is becomin g more interdependent which furthers the MFA’s evolution, with the conception and establishment of such international organisations like; Arab League, United Nations, European Union, African Union, and others (Kelly 2010:290). The need for cooperation in a world that is becoming more globalised has led to the evolution of the MFA from its past feature of involving only state actors to the inclusion of non-state actors 9Jorge 2006) Further to thus, the September 9, 2011 attack signified the age of globalization and the knowledge that evil and terrorism has become borderless, the aggressors that perpetuated this act used the elements of globalization; internet, mass media and mass travel, to achieve the terrorist actions. International menace and perils is now, more challenging to individual states because these threats have no respect for borders and boundaries. Famine, migration, climate change, diseases, terrorism, cyber-attacks and transnational crime are increasing in the international arena(Jorge 2006). Multilateral diplomacy involves various actors and also encourages collective responsibility. Individual and organisation involvement in diplomacy is increasing and has made the MFA more polygonal because the menace challenging the world today does not only affects individual nation states, it affects the safety and preservation of humanity in general. The MFA is an evolving institution due to the rising mu ltipolar nature of the world, visa application that required one’s physical presence to fill forms can now be done directly through the internet. Gathering of information is also an aspect where MFA has evolved, access to information has been the major responsibility of diplomats, the monopoly of information by the MFA has drastically reduced because the activities of foreign offices has become increasingly open after the second world war and also the involvement of public participation in conflicts that resulted and is resulting to warfare (Saddiki 2001:95). The diplomatic mission need not be directed by the MFA to manually search for documents which would be sent by post or through diplomatic travels which is time consuming and exhausting other these documents can now be found quacking through the internet and online archives, these can now be sent to representatives of other states with immediate effects. Thus, the MFA as an institution has evolved from basically pen and p aper, bogus use of intermediaries to fast paced internet access and disintermediation where the exclusive use of diplomats as intermediaries has been cut down. Diplomats are increasingly relinquishing their former role of gathering and transmission of data and are now more concerned with new high level diplomatic activities. Classical administrative processes carried out by MFAs in the past has been simplified through the use of the internet which has helped to save time, cost and also makes it possible for more parties to be involved in the negotiation process (Akasha 2012). The MFA as an evolving institution has evolved from its practice of exclusive old diplomacy to imbibing the elements of public diplomacy. Public diplomacy operates beyond governmental activities, it spreads to the private sector activities and further to the society at large and the conventions of a people. Leonard (2002) claims that public diplomacy is for the common good when looking at how effective and useful it is has become. It is basically to promote the interests of a nation through comprehending, communicating knowledge and moulding/shaping targeted country’s opinions, it is about relationship building, understanding other nations’ culture, people and needs, passing across ideas, mending false perception, gaining positive grounds and working towards a common goal. it goes beyond the MFAs old practise of traditional diplomacy, it is hinged on the basis that a nation’s image, prominence and notoriety should not be private but public which can either create a facilitating or debilitating environment for exchange (trade, educational, cultural and otherwise). It improves people’s knowledge and awareness of one’s country and its relationship with foreign states, strengthens relations and cooperation through a multi-dimensional process. This approach to diplomacy by MFAs seeks to grasp the rising trends in international relations where we see a number of private individuals, NGOs and private organisations acting as frontiers of their nation’s policy to exchange and partake with other countries. Globalisation has extremely made it possible for the MFA to be evolving and has also incorporating non-state actors to be empowered and also promotes their relevance in the international level (American Security Project 2013). Public diplomacy is a transparent method through which countries relate with other countries and its people for the purpose of enlightening and shaping their views solely for the aim of furthering the int erests and also making sure its foreign policy aims are promoted, it is a conception that has evolved over the years. The major feature of public diplomacy is direct communication with the people of foreign nations, influencing foreign governments through its citizens and also putting forth the image of one’s country in a positive light. It deals with factual discourse and clarification of a country’s foreign policy and culture to foreign audiences, boosting understanding, listening and engaging in dialogue (Leonard 2010). The British Broadcast Commission is an example of the use of public diplomacy, although partly funded by the British government, it is independent of its influence, this media corporation aims is to promote the British image positively through programs that show cases its culture, traditions and people thereby attracting foreign relations (Leonard 2010). The Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme is also an organisation through which public diplomacy is practised, where university and college graduates are invited to be participants of cultural and educational exchange, they are given the opportunity to hold position within Japan and experience first-hand, the way of life of the people of Japan, this programme has been able to extend the goodwill and also promote foreign relations (Melissen 2005). Greenpeace is a very good example of the involvement of non-state actors in diplomatic processes, its main goal is to ensure global environmental stability by directing its energy towards issues like; deforestation, nuclear weapons production, climate change, overfishing and the likes, using such tools like; campaigns (lobbying), direct actions and investigation (research) (Jennifer 2011). Even as a non-state actor. It has been a participatory member of the London Convention since 1983.it played an enormous role in the campaign against waste dumping into oceans and it is recognised as one of the major popular and enduring campaigns against environmental decline, the use of celebrities to champion causes and act as informal representatives of states. A further example is the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions’ (CHRE) significant contribution to Kosovo’s Protection of Land and Property Rights by developing the Housing and Property Directorate (which is now Kosovo†™s Property Agency within the scheme of the United Nations interim administration mission in Kosovo(Kelly 2010: 290). Jorge (2006) examines the challenges faced by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an evolving institution. Globalization is a major problem to nations, the problem is mostly obvious in the financial contingency that has befallen many nations like Indonesia, Brazil. This challenge does not only tow the line of economy. Within the political arena, the number of forces which has given rise to the continuous evolution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (diplomacy); inter-state dependency, low cost of communication, which has resulted to an increase in the number of non-state actors, churches, private individuals, has led to complex decision making by the government and legislative arm, where all these external actors have to be engaged and involved in diplomatic processes which, many at times, leads to diverse opinions and agreements that could further cause a divide(Jennifer 2011). In conclusion, the diplomatic agenda of MFAs has evolved since the onset of globalization of international relations and the end of the cold war, the end to strict and stiff alliances, the departure of the Soviet menace and threat, and the rise of democracy which is being practised in more nations than before is a major impact on the evolution of MFA which has led to more activities on regional and international levels due to the interconnectedness of states. It’s a crucial instrument for providing solutions to global threats and challenges such ass labour and human rights, humanitarian aids, trade and others, Kerr and Wiseman (2012). The conception and increase of the involvement of non-state actors and non-governmental organisations after the cold war also depicts the evolving institution of MFA especially issues relating to the society; the involvement of International Campaign to Ban Landmines (which is a non-governmental organisation) is seen as a major factor that influe nced many countries into signing the Ottawa treaty to ban the use of landmines in 1997. As most things in life, the MFA has evolved over the centuries and is still evolving, these changes has been defined by two major periods which are identified in terms of the practice of old (traditional) diplomacy and new (multilateral) diplomacy, Hamilton and Langhorne(2011). Nijhoff (2009) attributes the evolution of the MFA to the critical shift in the basis of old diplomacy procedures and the world wide integration of international relations including the evolution of communication methods. Thus, international agenda now has new concerns and issues. 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