Body Mass Index Essay

Body Mass index is a formula that determines the mass of body fat a person has. This formula is used to determine your weight proportion compared to your height if you’re on target, overweight or obese. Today we will use the formula by plugging in my own personal information and determining if I am over weight, on target or obese. To start I plug in the formula BMI=703w/h2. W = weight, H = height. I am 5foot 5 so in the formula my height will be 5.5. After plugging in my info, I multiply 5.5 squared times 5.5 giving me the answer 30.25. I then divide 703W by 30.25 H. This then gives me the answer 23.24. Making W 23.24. Which is Equivalent to not being overweight. 703w/5.5(2) 703w/30.25 23.24w According to the chart my inequality fits in between the Compound inequality equation 23 < BMI < 25 which says I’m probably not overweight.   I don’t agree with this formula for I know for a fact that according to my height I am severely obese. However according to this formula I am probably not over weight. In addition to this the formula only uses your height and weight, it does not determine you fat mass or your muscle build. From going to the gym I’ve Learned that muscle weighs a lot more then fat. Which means that with this formula someone in perfect shape can be assumed to be obese: when in fact there in shape. The solutions chart that says whether you’re obese, overweight, or perfectly fit is giving in Intervals. The chart gives you a range of numbers from low to high. You determine where your body mass determines by the number of intervals you land on or in between. None of these numbers are to Infinity. The ranges have a start date and end date. In conclusion after plugging in the necessary figures and using the Body Mass Index formula it was determined that this formula gives inaccurate  results. For according to my doctor I am severally over weight and this formula has me sounding like a super model.

Compare and Contrast Hrm and Ir Essay

Introduction There are various conceptions existing in the aspects of definition, academic boundaries and major functions of the fields of human resource management (HRM) and industrial relations (IR). The essay critically discusses the comparison and contrast on the key features of Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations in academic fields. On the base of review of the origins and transition of the tow subjects the paper will explore the general accepted definitions of the HRM and IR respectively. It will then go on to lay out theoretical dimensions of the two subjects, and looks at significant characteristics of HRM and IR. The last part assesses comparison and contrast between the two fields in the light of historical perspectives and literature review. Definition Transition of Human Resource Management The HRM terminology stems from the USA subsequences of human relations movement. In the counterpart, since the first British book on HRM published in the late 1980s, which was notably known as New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Storey 1989), there have been a large volume of published studies investigating the definition of HRM in diverse standing and approaches. Ackers (2003) provided a general term on the definition of HRM, ‘HRM refers to all those activities associated with the management of work and people in firms and in other formal orgaisations. Although it is conceptualised by involving the entire breadth of HRM studies, it should be embodied to specific nature and pattern of the subject. Sisson (1990) sees HRM of four aspects of employment practice: an integration of HR policies with business planning; a shift in responsibility for HR issues form personnel specialists to line managers; a shift from the collectivism of management and, finally, an emphasis on commitment has further understanding of HRM. According to the classic work edited by Storey J (2007), HRM is defined as a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of culture,  structural and personnel techniques, which is a comprehensive understanding of HRM. Definition of Industrial Relations There is little doubt that Industrial Relations has become a subject of scholarly analysis since the end of the nineteenth century, when Sidney and Beatrice Webb (1984) couple published their classic series studies of the regulation of employment in Britain. Flanders (1965, 10) suggested, ‘The study of industrial relations may therefore be described as a study of the institutions of job regulation’, which prevailed for a time is beyond satisfaction of the academic study at present. The view that IR is the study of processes of control over work relations, and among these processes, those involving collective worker organization and action are of particular concern is more adaptable to generalise specific and precisely for the subject. (Hyman, 1975) Basic Theory of Human Resource Management In 1990, the launch of two influential journals, Human Resource Management Journal, edited by Keith Sisson at Warwick University, the International Journal of Human Resource Management, edited by Michael Poole at Cardiff facilitates the emergence of courses and models in HRM in universities and colleges. A large and growing body of literature has sprung up amongst which two notable theories is predominant leading, Fombrun et al’s (1984) matching model and the Harvard framework. Matching model focused on the connection between organizational strategy and HRM, in the meanwhile Frombrun et al divided HRM into four integral parts – selection, development, appraisal and reward stressing the significance of efficiency of work performance enhancement. Some commentators have even utilized the terms ‘high commitment’ policies to substitute for HRM (Marchington, 2005). On the other hand, the Harvard framework (Beer et al, 1985) involve six basic components with a broader expand from the inside out , that is, situational factors, stakeholder interests, policy choices, outcomes, long-term consequences and a feedback loop. However, neither of the models pays close attention to the respects of employment relationship. John Storey’s (2007) model is worth considering framework in HRM studies. Four key elements are summarized as foundational structure of HRM, that is Beliefs and assumptions, strategic  qualities, critical role of managers and key levers which activate HRM as an essentially tool and techniques for use by practitioners. However, many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen as reactive rather than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organisations also have difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to t he company. Only in recent years have HR scholars and professionals focused on developing models that can measure the value added by HR. Basic Research Interest of Industrial Relations Colling et al (2010) comment that Academic industrial relations is now outdated’ either the problem of the ‘human factor’ in work have all been solved, or they are better addressed by new approaches such as ‘human resource management’ or ‘organisational behaviour’, however, in the statement by the British Universities Industrial Relations Association (BUIRA), they strongly disagree the claim. During the initiative academic research in IR, predominant focus upon collective institutions and processes which embody trade unions, collective bargaining and strikes are the mainstream scope of IR study. Compared with the origin IR, modern IR emphasized on the experience of work, both individual and collective, and with all sources of the rules that govern the employment relationship. Therefore, IR was widely regarded as having two major subdivisions within it. The first dealt with the management of labour, the second with collective bargaining and methods of workforce governance (Russell Sage Foundation, 1919). By many accounts, industrial relations today is in crisis. In academia, its traditional positions are threatened on one side by the dominance of mainstream economics and organizational behavior, and on the other by postmodernism. The importance of work, however, is stronger than ever, and the lessons of industrial relations remain vital. Comparison and contrast of Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations The interrelation between HRM and IR is complicated. In one sense HRM was  considered as a subfield of IR in the early 1960s for majority of scholars, afterwards in prevailing contemporary conception HRM has largely been regarded as a separate subject underlying distinguish perspectives and divergent points of the field. However, HRM and IR do share some commonalities in matters of concern focusing on employment and workplace issues and recognition of the humanness of labour. Moreover, it is common to combine the two academic fields as one integral course named HRM and IR in contemporary university and college teaching. By contrast, John Storey (2007) proposes twenty-five dimensions to differentiate HRM and IR with the same key element in Storey’s model (Table 1.1). Furthermore, from the research interest differentials, it can be concluded that HRM largely takes an ‘internal’ perspective on employment problem emphasizing the solution to labour issues, while IR basically has an external view focusing on the workers’ and community’s solutions. The goal and function is not the same between the two fields. HRM’s primary goal is organizational effectiveness and takes a instrumental approach to promoting employee interests; IR’ aim is a combination of organizational effectiveness and employee well-being as well as employee’s interests priorities. HR assumes conflict not inevitable and can be minimized by management; IR sees conflicts as inevitable requiring third-party intervention. HRM and IR are distinguished in various respects with different standpoints and approaches. Generally, IR provides a multi-layer discernment of employment relationships, interconnections between the workplace, the company, the sector, the national regulatory framework in the light of multi-disciplinary approach involving sociology, political science, economics, history and law. Frequently, HRM teaching accepts management’s objectives uncritically, concentrates on activities at company level without exploring the societal and institutional environment, and has its disciplinary basis primarily in psychology and organizational sociology rather than the social sciences more broadly. Despite of the inevitable irreconcilable antagonisms between the two subjects, there is a closely link of HR and IR providing a complementary foundation of the exchange and development of the employment issues. Conclusion The essay discusses the definition of HRM and IR and significant features  in academic fields largely through an historical analysis of the two fields’ respective origins and development. HRM and IR fields are distinguished by numerous differences in their approach to research and practice. However, scholar on both sides have to give greater recognition to the fact that the different assumptions separating HRM and IR are only specialized tools for investigation and do not represent a full or universalistic explanatory model for studying the employment relationship for more explicitly research perspectives. Reference Ackers, P. and Willkinson, A. 2003. Understanding Work and Employment, Oxford University Press Bach, S(ed), 2005, Managing Human Resources, 4th edition, Balckwell Publishing Boxall, P and Purcell, J, 2008, Strategy and HRM, 2nd edition, Palgrave Bruce E.K, 2001,Human resources and industrial relations Commonalities and differences, Human Resource Review, 11(2001) 339-374 BUIRA 2008. What’s the point of Industrial Relations? A statement by the British Universities Industrial Relations Association Colling, T. and Terry, M. 2010. ‘Work , the employment relationship and the field of Industrial Relations’, in Colling, T and Terry, M (eds), Industrial Relations: theory and practice (3rd ed), Chinchester:Wiley, 3-25 Guest, D. (1987) ‘Human resource management and industrial relations’, Journal of Management Studies, 24(5), September: 503-521 Hyman, R. 1975. A Marxist Introduction to Industrial Relations. Basingsotoke: MacMillan. Paul Edwards edit , Industria l Relations Theory & Practice in Britain, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1995 Marchington. M and Wikinson. A, 2005, Human Resource at work, 3th editon, CIPD, London Miller, P. (1987) ‘Strategic industrial relations and human resource management – distinction, definition and recognition’, Journal of Management Studies, 24(4) July:347-361 Sisson, K. (1990) ‘Introducing the Human Resource Management Journal’, Human Resource Management Journal, 1(1):1-11 Strorey, J(ed), 2007, HRM : A critical text. 3rd edition, Routledge Redman, T . Wilkinson. A, 2001, Contemporary Human Resource Management, Financial Times

Ethan Frome Essay

Ethan Frome Essay Destiny can shape the lives of many different kinds of people, such as princes who are meant to be kings and the poor who know they will not have the opportunity to be wealthy. Ethan Frome taught me that it is human nature to follow the destiny and predetermined life patterns bestowed on us upon birth. In one of the earlier chapters of Ethan Frome, the author describes the gravestones of many Ethan Fromes before the main character. It shows that Ethan will live and die in Starkfield, and he cannot change that regardless of what his aspirations are. Humans seem to have picked a spot and stayed there. A girl who grows up in a small town in the Midwest in a school with a class of one hundred, will experience the same lifestyle but through the eyes of a grown up woman. Even though this girl might have had dreams of living her own lifestyle, the barriers her destiny have formed between her aspirations and the reality of her predestined future. Life seems to be similar to a computer for many, as it is for Ethan Frome. One can type in a course for someone to follow, and it seems to never run off the tracks. Having a predetermined life does not always have to be about where you come from geographically. Even looking around Morristown High School, you can see patterns where, sadly, certain students do not have the same opportunities for success as others because of their past. The child of a well known cardiologist who lives in The Summit is given the drive and determination to learn as a characteristic from their parents, and it is already programmed into their life course. The child of an immigrant who is doing as much as they can to get by, might not be able to find that drive and determination as easily within themselves as the child who has been given those qualities from birth. On the other hand, there are those who can break those barriers. Every once in a while, you hear about a success story of somebody who fell off the life course but eventually found their way to a new and improved one. Those people are far to scarce. I will never forget a billboard I once saw in New York that read â€Å"Homeless to Harvard. † The picture showed a girl who looked as normal as a next door neighbor, but her struggles and accomplishments brought her to an ivy league school. Ethan Frome, Zeena, and Mattie Silver fell unbeknownst into the course of life that Starkfield Massachusetts had made. Cold winters and relationships forced them to stay on a path to mental destruction and misery. The story taught me that it is human nature to follow the set of rules made by the surrounding society.

The Modern Condition and The Artist's Response Essay

The Modern Condition and The Artist's Response - Essay Example In Modern Art 1851-1929 the author, Richard Brettell, says that an obvious but unmediated way that the artist represented the change of their time is by the subject of their work. By painting modern inventions, such as the Eiffel Tower or a lunch at a new cafe in downtown Paris, the artists was recording modernity. Because one abject can be represented in many ways it helps us analyze how the artists felt about the subject. For example, images of the "most important single achievements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries", or the modern city, were very popular subjects. For the purpose of this essay, we will look at how the question of Marxism and the answer of capitalism - and the results from the debate - have slowly transformed society up until this point, affecting and changing social class and consciousness over time and how these changes have been reflected in art forms. Marxism as a whole spurred the onslaught of a different sociological vehicle for governing the masses, a vehicle which contradicted the arguably excessive range of capitalism and what it stood for. By definition then this conflict reflected in art and how the psyche of the collective human race responded to either one or the other. Blamires stated that Marxists saw the chief evil to be eradicated as being the oppression by the capitalists and their allies of the working class (Blamires, pp. 404). Marxism advocated the administration and equalizing of society - all are equal - but failed to take into account the general urge of individuality as experienced by every human being. Due to the competitive and adaptive nature of capitalism, with its emphasis on individuality and the rights of every human, Marxist philosophy and strictures were revealed to be too oppressive, in a grand gesture of irony; human beings desired freedom and unique expression, and a system that regulated and repr essed anything that promoted defiance was seen as limiting and unnecessary. Expressing the notion of change, even gradual, was an easy task for the painters and artists of the transitional times between Marxism/communism and capitalism. Painting life and people in current situations was a means of expressing identification, for self and others. Examples of such works would include Manet's 'Un bar aux Folies-Bergre' (The Bar at the Folies-Bergre) or 'Masked Ball at the Opera'. These images depict a changing time and most notably, a gathering of people and a celebration of life in its individualized freedom. By definition then, these paintings can be seen as symbolic of free will and its execution, in rebellion against oppression and repression as defined by the anti-liberal motion of the Marxist embodiment of social norms. Capitalism in itself is not an absolute expression of individuality. There are still classes and regulatory boundaries, but these are more manageable. As Abrams stated, "the older usage of the term 'capitalism' no longer describes the system as it presently functions". This is implied in other forms of art, such as sculpture and architecture. Because of the individualist drive of competitiveness and self-expression as engendered by capitalism, inter-people conflicts based on viewpoints and opinion become a definite occurrence, and are expressed in art forms

Fine art in the age of mass media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fine art in the age of mass media - Essay Example Instead of using the necessary creativity and innovation which is often attributed to beginning artists, the work of Hirst has begun to work with the celebrity status expectations that are a part of the artwork. Biography of Hirst Hirst was born in 1965 in Bristol, England where he began to study art. His first exhibition was in 1988 while studying at Goldsmith College. The student exhibition, known as Freeze, led to immediate recognition and still remains in an exhibition in London. The concept was associated with contemporary artists forming a group to show the main ideologies of what it meant to be a part of the modernist styles of visual arts. His first solo exhibition was held in 1990 and 1991 at Woodstock Street Gallery, called In and Out of Love. This led to different groundbreaking feature showings, such as the 1992 Young British Artists exhibition at Saatchi Gallery. This exhibition led Hirst into fame with gaining the Tate Gallery Turner Prize as well as the coveted award i n 1995. The recognition has now allowed Hirst to move into international recognition with showings in Soho New York as well as in locations such as Hong Kong, Rome, Athens, Geneva, Paris and Los Angeles. He is known for spot and spin paintings as well as medicine cabinet sculptures and glass tank installations (Hirst, 2011). The instant recognition of Hirst and the movement into specific types of paintings has also led into areas of fame which continue to push Hirst forward with his known works. He has been featured not only in a variety of galleries but is also continuously being noted in the press for his innovations and new works. Some leading areas of recognition include his interview with Charlie Rose, features in the New York Times and recognition by established artists in various network communities. The recognition is also continuing to extend with the press releases and different statements being based on Hirst being one of the most recognized contemporary artists, specific ally because of the conceptualism and the developments which are associated with his different pieces of art. The concepts which are often affirmed to Hirst are his innovation, unique approaches and the realism that is in the artwork created. Each of these are continuing to gather him press and recognition among contemporaries that are based in different locations globally (Jones, 2011). Today, Hirst is one of the most recognized and controversial artists of Britain. The question being raised is not only based on the fame and recognition that continues to steer the career of the artist and the works which he continues to create. The techniques, implication of craft and the development of works by Hirst are also raising questions about where art begins and ends. Many contemporary critics are stating that the works of Hirst are only for popularity and recognition in the name while lacking the intricate qualities of modern art and developments which are required. This is combined with the questions of whether it is art or only for popularity, specifically because of the continuous similarities in themes and the lack of innovation which most believe is a part of the work. Hirst is continuing to be controversial because of republishing the

Writing evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing evaluation - Research Paper Example Overall, this article was clear and well-written, and laid out in a way that made sense, but it could have been a little more in-depth than it was in its research of previous articles. Generally speaking, the article was written at a level that made it fairly easy to understand, but which did not try to dumb things down. The authors use scholarly language, but try to be clear and most of the time they succeed. The article is also laid out well, and a lot of its data is presented in tables which make it easier to understand. The authors also use lists sometimes to make their case, as in their introduction. In this case, they set up the outline of the entire article by describing exactly what they will cover and in what order. The article does cover a lot of ground, with almost thirty articles used in the references section as expected of a literature review. While all of these articles did come from established journals so far as I could tell, I think the study might have been improved by looking at articles written over a slightly longer period of time. All of the articles were written between 1990 and 2007 (Taylor, Gibson, & Franck 3084). While that might usually be a good thing for nursing articles, in the case of a literature review it seems like the article will provide a narrow view of the literature as a result. More articles from earlier periods could have shown changes in how people are treated that might help nurses in treating young people with chronic illnesses. Despite the possible problem with the method the authors use, their article is quite good. They use language in a clear and convincing way, and organize their points well. Also, the review of existing literature is thorough, at least in terms of describing the articles used. However, I do still think the authors could have changed their work for the better if they had used a wider range of articles. Overall, though, the authors present a convincing,

A PERSPECTIVE OF SKILLS NEEDED BY MODERN PROJECT MANAGER TO AVOID Dissertation

A PERSPECTIVE OF SKILLS NEEDED BY MODERN PROJECT MANAGER TO AVOID DELAY PENALTIES IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS - Dissertation Example They face a number of challenges that revolve around construction issues such as time constraints, workforce considerations, safety and continually shifting nature of work. They also face non construction related challenges such as government regulations, legal issues, socio-political pressures and environmental concerns. It is thus important to find out how we can raise the efficiency of project managers to enable them in managing projects effectively and avoiding delays in the implementation of the project plan and in turn avoiding delay penalties. This research thus sets out to identify the skills lacking in project managers that result in failure to avoid delays in construction projects. The research question is thus – What are the skills needed by modern day project managers to avoid delay penalties in construction projects? The findings of this study will help in providing an insight into the skills needed by project managers to avoid delay penalties in construction proj ects. The research involved a questionnaire survey of 100 project managers in Kuwait. The survey findings showed that lack of experience, leadership skills, project planning skills, communication skills and knowledge related to contracts and project management are the major skills lacking in project managers. This calls for a more integrated approach towards developing their skills. Recommendations have been discussed. The research suffers from small sample size, lack of specificity to Kuwait, and bias due to no tests of significance. Acknowledgment I would like to thank everyone who gave me a hand to accomplish this research, and many thanks to my academic mentor – Mr. Tony Phillips. I would like to express my deep gratitude to all those who have provided support, allowed me to quote their remarks and assisted in editing, proofreading and design. This research is the epitome of great efforts exerted to bring about such fruitful output. Last but not least, I appreciate and no t to forget the great help and the full support I received from my parents and my wife. Table of Contents List of Figures 7 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 8 Chapter 1 9 Introduction 9 1.1. Status of the Construction Industry in Kuwait 9 1.2. Construction Delays 13 1.3. Challenges of Construction Projects 13 1.4 Problem Statement 15 1.5. Aim and Objective of the Research 16 1.6. Rationale and Need for the Study 17 1.7. Significance of the Study 18 Chapter 2 20 Literature Review 20 2.1. Project Managers – Skills and Characteristics 20 2.2. Complexities of Project Management in the Construction Industry 24 2.3. Challenges Faced by Construction Project Managers 37 2.4. Research on Causes of Delays in Construction Projects 41 Chapter 3 46 Research Methodology 46 3.1. Type and Design of Research 46 3.2. Data Collection Methods 47 3.3. Analysis Methods 51 3.4. Ethics 52 3.5. Relevance of this Research to Project Management in Kuwait 53 3.6. Justification for Chosen Research Meth od 53 Chapter 4 55 Analysis of Data 55 4.1. Demographics, Education and Training 56 4.2. Understanding of Project Management 58 4.3. Holding Consultants Responsible for Penalties and Contractors for Delays 58 4.4. Knowledge Related Aspects 60 4.5. Skills that are Lacking 62 4.6. Problems of

Discuss three factors that explain why employees tend to become Essay

Discuss three factors that explain why employees tend to become unmotivated to do their jobs - Essay Example Organizations are essentially formulating and implementing strategies that seek to ensure job satisfaction among the employees. In this regard it has become essential for organizations to ensure motivation among the employees as it would lead to greater job satisfaction that would lead to generational of organizational excellence. Analysis The efficiency of an organization is directly linked to the extent to which the employees put their efforts in the workplace. The extent to which employees do so is directly linked to the levels of motivation of the employees. This has made it necessary to determine aspects that tend to de-motivate employees in an organization so as to formulate strategies that seek to ward off practices that can lead to employee de-motivation. Among the top three factors that generate employee dissatisfaction include improper working conditions, poor employee compensation and benefits and organizational policies (Brounstein, 2000). Improper working conditions in a n organization include lack of hygiene in the workplace, improper lighting, and not providing basic amenities to the employees working in an organization. Compensation is a very critical area that has the most significant impact on the motivation levels of employees.

Property and its Economic Explanation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Property and its Economic Explanation - Essay Example In the exercise of property rights, potential conflicts can be prevented as in striking a bargain (Muthoo 2000). Indeed, the common law is efficient, but the law generated by the institutions of private property can also be efficient, however with limitations (Friedman 1996). Creating a system of clear, workable property rights facilitates voluntary exchange and ensures that property rights will end up in the hands of those who value them most (Ayres and Talley 1995) Property is a "bundle of rights." The owner is free to exercise the rights over his or her property. Others, meaning private persons and the government, are forbidden to interfere with the owner's exercise of his or her rights. Traditionally, that bundle of rights includes: 1) control use of the property, 2) benefit from the property, for example rights and rent, 3) transfer or sell the property, and 4) exclude others from the property (Krauss 1999). The two major justifications of original property, or homesteading, are said to be effort and scarcity. John Locke emphasized effort, or "mixing your labour" with an object, while Benjamin Tucker preferred to look at the purpose of property in answer to solving the scarcity problem. Only when something is relatively scarce do they become property, he said. Economically scarce means necessarily having exclusivity property or that use by one person excludes others from using it (Ibid). III. Bargaining Theory Bargaining theory in property has to do with bargaining principles and their application to a significantly large variety of real-life situations, leading to efficiency and equitable distribution of gains (Muthoo 1999). In the former, the players may fail to reach an agreement, or they may do so but only after some costly delay. In the latter, gains from cooperation are divided between the players. A player's cost from bargaining is said to be derived from the time-consuming nature of bargaining and the importance of time to the player (Ibid). Some of the fundamental principles expounded in bargaining theory are the following (Muthoo 2000): Patience during the process of negotiations confers bargaining power, while risk aversion affects it adversely. Meanwhile, a player's outside option enhances her bargaining power if and only if it is attractive and therefore credible. Hence, bargaining power is higher the larger her inside option, provided that all negotiators' outside options are not attractive enough. If both negotiators' outside options are sufficiently attractive, then it is likely that gains from cooperation may not exist (Ibid). Further, when both the costs of negotiators' backing down from their initial demands are sufficiently large, then the negotiations may lead into a stalemate. A player's bargaining power is higher the larger her cost of backing down from her initial demand. In the absence of knowledge of relevant information on the ongoing negotiations which the other party does, there is risk of failure of negotiations or of costly delay until that uninformed party is communicated of the relevant information. Knowledge is veritable power in negotiations and enhances the bargaining strength of the better informed (Muthoo 1999). In bargaining, procedure and format of negotiations matter,

Decision analysis ( Supply Chain management class ) Research Paper

Decision analysis ( Supply Chain management class ) - Research Paper Example The literature review conducted for a research study assists the researcher to develop a theoretical knowledge regarding the subject matter with the help of the research works of eminent authors and scholars. The literature review of the current paper has been framed on the basis of books, journals and other scholarly publications. The purpose behind using such materials is to create appropriate academic basis for accomplishing the research. Through the literature review, the researcher is able to attain clarity of ideas. It also assists in the development of suitable grounds for studying the subject of the study. It has been ensured by the researcher that the literature review lays its focus on the primary objectives of the paper which is to critically evaluate the role of decision analysis in supply chain management. At the end, a conclusion has been formulated on the basis of the study. In the recent age, the concept of decision analysis has gained popularity in the business strategic management. The fast increasing impact which this field of decision making has created on organizations, both private and public is noticeable. The business units are always engaged in making strategic and critical decisions in order to gain over their competitors and to succeed in the long run. Major progress in theory, computational techniques and modeling tools are attributed to the leaps in computer science which has made the decision making process an integral division of business (Cooper & Schindler, 2003). Anderson, et al. (2015) defines Decision analyses as a systematic, visual and quantitative approach utilized by the companies in order to evaluate and address vital choices that the businesses deal with. Decision analysis implements different tools to extract all relevant data that are required to find an optimal solution in the process of decision making. The term decision analysis was first coined by Ronald A. Howard in 1964 (Hatten, 2015).

Reporting Practices and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Reporting Practices and Ethics Essay Introduction Reporting practices and ethical standards are the most important building blocks that are needed to build a successful health care organization or any business. These reporting practices and ethical standards prove to be the upmost important practices in any health care organization. When reviewing all the variables and factors, one considers the principals listed in the generally accepted accounting principles. There are several factors to consider and inforce these principles in an organization. To successfully implement generally accepted accounting principles and execute corporate compliance, an organization should consider in order for building a successful organization; ethics, fraud and abuse are all key components for maintaining a successful health care or business organization. A successful organization cannot be successful unless they integrate and implement the four elements for financial management. In order to implement and execute the four element of financial management for a successful organization, the four elements should be implemented and carried out in full on a daily basis for every procedure and operation within the organization. Controlling, planning, organizing, and decision making are the four components every business and/or health care organization should adopt. The four elements are the keys to every good business ethics and standards to maintain a successful organization. Four Elements of Financial Management The planning stage of the four elements of financial management proves this stage, is vital to set goals for a healthcare organization end to end with its execution of this stage and the other four elements. The next element of financial management is the controlling stage and in this important stage the organization must set goals for their organization and that each goal is executed and carried out. A perfect example of how an administrator /director/ manager in a healthcare organization can control their  organization is to conduct audits of the department they oversee. Decision making is defined as the overall performance of the other three elements and determination on wither or not the overall performance of the other elements. The success of this can be measured Decision making in conjunction with the other elements and the overall performance and success of other 3 elements ultimately determines decision making elements. Examples, if the organization exceeds the funds budgeted and find they are over budget, the decision making element comes in to play to review these items over budget and make an action plan to correct and/or prevent in the future. The four components are a vitally in financial management there are also other important principals and standards. The Generally accepted accounting principles and general financial ethical standards along with corporate compliance, ethics, or fraud and abuse are equally important separately and combined. The four functions of management help the facilities function properly and give the management the opportunity to resolve any issue or obstacle that may present as well as the opportunity to growth and make them better to perform and utilized the resources around them. Management is responsible for beginning the process for procedure or task at hand and sustaining the actual method of internal control that is set by the organization. It is important that management/ administrator/ director to oversee and maintain the budget control. The manager/admin/director overseeing the budget should be knowledgeable of how to control the budget and in order to maintain budget control, they should regulate to increase productivity and be familiar with assets, financial reporting and account summary. Every cooptation or health care organization is necessitate to meet the satisfactory operational needs, consequently cash management function helps any organization begin to create a set of policies and procedures to ensure that federal funds are not withdraw unreasonable from the organization and payments are made properly to the programs (Ethics and Compliances May 1994). According to Ethical Behavior by Companies Benefit Society and Business (November 13, 2010), when applying ethical business practices, says that business should ensure that the production of its services should be environmentally ecological and every human involve in the production should not be dangerous or harmful for them. Ethical practices involve the strong financial reporting as well as consideration  for the social and environmental impact of the business. Audit reports help the organizations know the financial condition of the organization for Health Care or any other business as well as the result of the organization’s day to day internal operations. Audits are helpful when following the practices of financial reporting practices of the organization can serve as a checks and balances and a great tool for capturing financial data, if management checks the financial audit reports often. Financial reports explain in detail how the organization is doing and prevents negative numbers on the company because it records any procedure and activity that happens in the organization (Ethics and Compliances. May 1994). According to American College of Physicians (Snyder. 2012), the environment for the delivery of health care continues to change. Sites of care are shifting, with more care provided in ambulatory settings while the intensity of inpatient care increases. Generally Accepted Accounting Principals â€Å"The phrase â€Å"generally accepted accounting principles† is a technical account term that encompasses the conventions, rules, and procedures necessary to define accepted accounting practice at a particular time. Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are concerned with the measurement of economic activity, the timed when such measurements are to be made and recorded, the disclosures surrounding this activity, and the preparation and presentation of summarized economic information in the form of financial statements (Bragg, 2012). Generally accepted accounting principles also known as GAAP to understand the definition better, GAAP are guidelines that one should follow when trying to establish proper financial documents and reports. With these guidelines to follow, it was easier to maintain the financial reporting’s for all fields, including healthcare. The generally accepted accounting principles were held in the highest regard. The guidelines of the GAAP have had a high authority when it came to determining financial practices in healthcare. The GAAP influence has dwindled if not stopped. It was stated that it was not required for hospitals, nursing homes or any kind of healthcare facility to adhere to the GAAP (Taebel 1995). It has been documented that the guidelines of the GAAP has caused facilities to lose money, even though they knew what was best about recognizing costs. It has  been suggested that is not required to make decisions based off of the general accepted accounting principles. Capital costs are reimbursed according to a prospective payment system; providers are being paid a predetermined amount regardless of GAAP issues (Taebel, 1995). Conclusion There are countless of different ways that we can touch bases on to understand the importance of a cohesive financial department. It is essential to its success to be ethically compliant and to follow through with policy and procedure. It is up to the financial managers to execute and enforce proper guidelines. In conclusion, there are four elements of the financial structure that is the basis for a financial departments success which are planning, controlling, organizing and decision making. With this information we were able to understand and summarize more in depth the importance of generally accepted accounting principles and general financial ethical standards. Finally, we were able to view examples in those respecting terms and gain understanding from them. By compiling all of these elements together can guarantee a solid financial department in any healthcare facility. References American College of Physicians (2010) Ethics in Practice: Managed Care and the Changing Health Care Environment. Retrieved 11/13/2010 from http://www.annals.org/content/ Bragg, Steven M. Wiley GAAP 2012: Interpretation and Application of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (10th Edition). Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley Sons, 2011. ProQuest ebrary. Web1 May 2015. Ethics and Compliances Retrieved 11/13/2010 from http://www.miamivalleyhospital.org/mvhdefault.aspx?id=12746 (May 1994) Snyder L, for the American College of Physicians Ethics, Professionalism, and Human Rights Committee. American College of Physicians Ethics Manual: Sixth Edition. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:73-104. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-1-201201031-00001 Taebel, S.W. (1995, October). Supreme Court ruling reduces GAAPs authority in Medicare cases. Healthcare Financial Management, 49(10)

Character Analysis of Connie Essay Example for Free

Character Analysis of Connie Essay Then one day her family leaves her alone and she notices the boy in the car comes to her house and she finds out that he seems to know everything about her. He demands that Connie come to him and in then th story ends as Connie walks out the house toward the mysterious boy. Connie is sexually active, scared, and deceitful. Connie is sexually active. Oates states how Connie knows she is beautiful and she gets a great deal of attention from boys. Connie knows she is gorgeous, so when she goes out, she shows off her body more. When Connie meets the older boy in the resturant, she spends hours with him, and they went in an abandoned alley. Connie often states that she believes sex is a beautiful and fun feeling. Going with this stranger Connie has just met for hours implies she is sexually active in some way. What Oates is trying to say about young girls in general is that by showing off their bodies and meeting with older boys, sex will be pressured onto them. More young females will want to become more sexually active by assuming sex is all good and fun. Connie is scared. Connie does not seem to be afraid of anything. However, once this stranger appears at her house, she becomes a bit more frightened. Connie was always used to doing what she wanted with whomever she wanted. Along came Arnold, who commanded her to come to him and do things with him. Suddenly, Connie does not have the choice anymore. He threatens to harm her family so she is scared and cannot bring herself to even call for help. What Oates is trying to say about being scared is that one will not be scared until the option of deciding for ones self gets taken away. Connie is deceitful. Connies mother often degrades Connie for being vain. Her mother does this because she is worried about Connie and knows Connie gets a great deal of attention from males. Connies mother knows what can happen to her if she does not start being careful. Connie still goes out grabbing the attention of boys even though her mother says otherwise. What Oates is trying to say is that children should always listen to their parents, or they may end up in danger. Oates tries to get the reader to understand that parents have been through it all, and children should learn to listen more. In the short story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Oates shows that Connie is sexually active. She is sexually active because she shows off her body and is curious about sex. Connie is scared because she had no choice in what she wanted to do. Connie is deceitful because she did not care or listen to her mother.

Relationship Between Taste and Consumption

Relationship Between Taste and Consumption The links between taste, consumption, social class and power Introduction The renowned French sociologist and philosopher Pierre-Fà ©lix Bourdieu believed that taste and cultural consumption was inextricably linked to social class, which in itself is determined by those with power and position (Bourdieu’s 1994). His detailed research on the subject concluded that the pressures of the society that we live in thus bring about all human acts and, to this extent are not governed by decisions made by solely by the individual. In his view the society in which we live, together with our standing individual standing within that culture will have considerable influence upon both our particular tastes and the choices of taste that we make. Furthermore, Bourdieu finds that those in a position of power, such as the media and government, by virtue of their position, are consistently using the power that they possess to create and feed the social distinctions that we see about us, and therefore manipulating the consumption pattern. The conclusion of Bourdieuâ₠¬â„¢s research therefore is that the individual does not act autonomously from the dictates of his or her society, but rather reacts to patterns of social distinction that are being presented to them. To assess the validity of this theory, it is the intention of this research to identify, examine and evaluate the potential links that exist between â€Å"taste† and cultural consumption and social class. The research will be segmented in an attempt to first of all provide an understanding of consumption and its cultural relevance and how this can be manipulated by those with the power to do so, before examining the relevant aspects of social class. This process will enable us then to reflect upon taste and reach a conclusion as to whether the hypothesis outlined above is still as relevant in modern society as it was when Bourdieu (1994) conducted his research into the subject. Consumption In the context of this research, the term consumption is not simply being examined in relation to the goods or services that we purchase with the purpose to consume, for example grocery items, although that is an integral element of the purchasing act. However, it also is relevant to the purpose and reasoning that lies behind the consumption process itself. The basic concept of consumption is that we make a choice of purchase based upon a number of factors, for example because we like the taste of the content in the case of food products or we are attracted to the look of the item, as would be the case in the decision for non foodstuff, such as furniture, automobiles, homes and a host of other goods. Irrespective of the validity of these determinates of choice consumption is not â€Å"merely the recognition or miss-recognition of the aesthetic intention† (Storey, 2003, p.48). When we make a product choice we are also, either making a statement about our social position, and ourselves, or reacting to a statement that has been placed before us by others. Furthermore, as is reflected in the term â€Å"keeping up with the Joneses,† an element of our buying patterns will be made in relation to what others, our peers, might have that we do not. In terms of the influence of others, be the media or peers, this may be perceived as a guide to move us in a certain direction or to give us a distinction that we previously did not have. Therefore, it is true to say that the way in which we exercise our right to consumption is determined by the social structure that surrounds us (Mackay 1997, p.255). This can perhaps be better seen when viewed in a historical context. In the Victorian era, when the class situation within UK society was more pronounced, the patterns of consumption were seen as an inherent part of that system, in that the purchase should match the social position. A typical example of this process was obvious in the clothing industry, In those days one purchased clothing, that was considered to be commensurate with one’s standing in society, be that class or professional position. It would have been considered â€Å"an offence to dress above one’s station† (Corrigan 1997, p.6). The theory of consumption being relative to position, and objected too if it does not maintain that distinction has been seen more recently in research conducted by Radway (1990, p.705 and p.710). The case being studied here was the emergence of book clubs and the controversial reaction to this in some areas of society. These book clubs were offering products that ranged from the mass-market romantic and detective novels through to the classics and â€Å"highbrow† products. The controversy arose because many believed that this was an unacceptable intrusion into the considered norm of social culture and distinction. Despite the fact that the social strata and distinction has been blurred to some extent in modern times, to a great degree the cultural habits of consumption still exist and operate in society. Irrespective of the wide variety of goods and products available, the patterns of individual purchase are still determined by the social and cultural position. For example, when faced with a choice for holidays, the general perception is still that the package tour and coastal seaside two-week summer break is mainly the domain of the working class element of society. Similarly, purchasing a Ford car instead of the more expensive Mercedes will automatically make a statement about the buyers standing, therefore producing a social distinction in consumption (Miller 2002, p.275). However, nowadays this pattern is tempered with consumption for the purpose of aspiration. Today the objective of bettering oneself is an integral part of the social culture. Peer pressure has also become more intense. People are concerned with being seen to either maintain their status by ensuring that they have the latest product, as may be the case with their neighbour, or wishing to use consumption and purchase as a way of moving up a position in the social ladder. They use consumption to make a statement to this effect (Brewer 1994, p.275). Furthermore, the availability of the product, in terms of price, model and novelty is also important. Consumption will change as a product becomes more popular. For example, a person of high social standing seeks a product that is not generally available to the masses. This can be seen in the case of the Mercedes car, once solely affordable by the few. As it became more popular and therefore more affordable, the novelty and distinction it gav e to the wealthier elements of society wore off (Miller 2002, p.180), and they sought to re-establish their position by transferring their consumption to more distinction and expensive automobile ranges. Typically, the peer-generated influence can be seen occurring with the â€Å"new rich,† such as footballers, corporate moguls and celebrities. Having achieved a position of wealth such people will use the purchasing process to acquire products that make a conspicuous statement about the new position they have achieved within society (Featherstone 2000, p.20). In terms of other influences on consumption, the advertising and marketing media have played a pivotal role. This has become particularly apparent during the period of rapid developments in technological and digital advances being made in the media. Marketers distinguish their target markets by demographic segments, and therefore operate on the basis of class distinction when determining â€Å"consumption criteria† (Miller 2002, p.112). These organisations will use the segment analysis for a number of reasons. In terms of mass marketing, for instance with grocery and low cost household products, the intention will be too attract the working classes to consume their products in preference. Similarly, this system will be used to drive the â€Å"peer-pressure† determinant, using the subconscious cultural message that to maintain one’s individual standing, these products are culturally essential. At the other end of the scale, Marketers will use their message to acce ntuate the difference in social standing that can be achieved by purchasing their product. Again this can be aptly seen with motor vehicles, where the promoter might use the vision of ownership of a 44, or top of the range vehicle as an indication of higher social standing. From this analysis it can be seen that consumption when viewed on a number of levels does reflect, either directly or indirectly, a social struggle to achieve a certain level of distinction. Consciously or sub-consciously it will affect the consumers position and social standing (Corrigan 1997, p.32). Taste Taste in dictionary terms, is defined as being the manifestation of an individual’s particular preference. This will extend beyond the simple food connotation of the word to all aspects of life, including all of the goods, services and activities they purchase or use. In his research Bordieu (1994, p.42) rightly identifies taste as being a matter of choice, which varies from individual to individual. Therefore, by definition taste has both a positive and negative reaction. For example, one chooses a particular food because of the preference to its taste or conversely rejects of food because of individual’s dislike of its taste. In the same way, similar decisions are made about other goods. Furthermore the levels of taste are varied. For example, one may react on a low level of negatively to something simply on a matter of ascetic taste, as in not being keen on the colour, or the level of taste dislike can reveal itself in the emotion of disgust, which in the case of foo d can even lead to sickness. From the individual point of view taste can therefore be attributable as an indications of the specific preferences of a particular person (Featherstone 2000, p.83). However, having previously stated that taste is a matter of choice, a rider should be added to this. Choice in taste is not always a decision that is taken freely. In most areas of life there is limitations and taste is often one such area. As Bordieu (1994) pointed out in his research, often in our daily lives and decision-making processes our taste decisions are restricted by a choice being forced upon us. For example, to return once again to an automobile comparison, it is often the case when faced with a choice of vehicles to purchase, that one’s deep routed preference would be for a Mercedes. However if the income level of the purchaser is only say $10,000 per annum, this vehicle is clearly out of an acceptable price range. In such a situation one has to make a taste decision based upon an affordable, or forced, range of lower standard vehicles. Therefore taste is tempered by the social and economic position that the individual is situated within. Taste can also be applicable in a cultural sense and in this respect Bourdieu (1984, p.56), states that it can act as a class barrier. As with consumption, again this can be seen as more pronounced in historical times, although it still exists. By nature, the individual will aspire to a certain social level and consequently they will have an aversion to a life-style that does not match with their expectations. In respect of society itself, there are two levels of taste that can be deemed to play both an interactive and exclusive role. These are common taste and class taste respectively. In addition to individual taste, the format of society also dictates that there will be a common taste. This is an element that is shared within the specific culture to which one belongs. For example, within the UK there will be commonly accepted tastes in terms of the way that people should behave, and where the limits of acceptable common legislation should be drawn, although this is by no means the only area of taste that would be considered to be common. However, as Bordieu (1994), this common taste scenario produces a dichotomy. Achieving a balance between the common taste and the taste of individual classes of society is often difficulty. By the simple distinction of their class, there will be those elements of society that will wish at least part of their taste to be separate from those of other classes. For instance, the upper class will have a distinct taste that they would perceive to set them apart from the working class (Bucholtz and Sutton 1999, p.355). Taste and choice is another are where those with power, such as the media, can exercise significant influence. One only has to look at the television to notice the wide range of new products and designs that are constantly being promoted. This can serve to create movement in the individual and social taste requirements (Miller 2002, p.216). Whilst consumers demands and tastes for new products may change, as has been demonstrated this is not always as a result of their own changing tastes (Brewer and Porter 1994, p.601). Similarly, as with consumption, often these taste determinants will be directed at particular demographic segments of the community. A typical example of this occurred when â€Å"Wedgewood Potteries, in north Staffordshire, deliberately tried to direct upper-class taste† through design and promotional efforts (Corrigan 1997. p.9). Taste therefore is influenced by a number of factors, not the least of which is the relative position of the individual â€Å"in the social structure† (Mackay 1997, p.230) of their own culture. Similarly, taste can be distinct between the relative class structures and also can create a tension when seen not to be achieving the correct values (Corrigan 1997, p.100). Social Class What is social class and how does it manifest itself? As will be seen within this section there are many aspects to class and numerous influences attached to its creation and maintenance of the class system. The class system in the UK has been in existence for countless centuries and, despite the moves during the last century to achieve equality is has still managed to survive, particularly, as Bordieu (1994) points in his research, within the higher intellectual and ruling class level. Indeed, as Brewer (1994, p.128), points out, in Wigston Magna, an old village, which is now a part of an expanded city called Leicester, social differences were being created as the village grew. Much of the creation of class Bordieu (1994) puts down to education and language. Success in education is achieve not simply by the act of learning, but also as a result of behaviour and even language, which in turn is a reflection of upbringing. Those students from privileged backgrounds will have learnt how to present themselves physically, in speech and their attitude, whereas the less privileged will not, precisely as a result of the way they have been brought up. Language is also important, not simply because it is a way of communication, but because it is seen as an indicator of position within society. To evidence this one only has to look at the immediate perception that is formed in the mind as a result of the â€Å"mannerism of speech of different social groups† (Bucholtz and Sutton 1999, p.101). Automatically, the subconscious seeks to identify not simply the geographical background, but also their position within society. The way that people speak does therefore te nd to create an immediate recognition of class. There is a natural tendency for people to segregate themselves into groups where they feel comfortable, and an equal tendency to reject or distance themselves from those who do not fit into their own â€Å"circle.† This phenomenon is known as social distinction. Social distinction is what creates the various classes. It is defined by different values, tastes and consumption activity. Furthermore, its occupants rigorously protect it. For example, when describing ourselves to others we tend to refer to the social category that we belong to as a way of distinguishing ourselves from others (Mackay 1997, p.68). Mackay (1997, p.205) further evidences this by explaining how the middle classes, in an attempt to maintain their distinctive class, will put â€Å"geographical distance between itself and manual labour† or working classes. Even within classes that can be demonstrated by economic advantage, there still remains a distinction that is closely protected. The latter half of the last century saw a significant increase of wealth created and attracted to people who previously would have been considered to be working or middle class. As the wealth accumulation continued, these people began to acquire the trappings of the upper classes, such as large land estates, international residences and the like. This situation threatened the existence and position that was previously the domain of the nobility and aristocrats. As Bourdieu (1994) explains, the nobility were not prepared to lose their standing within society, based upon position and breeding, nor would they settle for it being diluted by invasion from individuals who they considered to be of a lower class, irrespective of wealth. Thus they encapsulated the retention of their previous distinction by use of the terms â€Å"old money† and â€Å"new mone y,† Individuals and groups within society use numerous ways to distinguish themselves from other classes. For example, the amount of leisure time that is available to an individual is often used as an example of their social standing (Storey 2003, p.37), as might be their house style where a detached property is viewed a social standing distinct from a terraced. Similarly, ones work position can be used to reinforce the social distinction. Subconsciously, when the terms blue-collar worker, white-collar worker and professional are used in relation to the employment of the individual, there is an automatic social and class distinction attributed to them. Power also helps to maintain the social distinction and class. By its terminology, the government is as guilty of this as any other sector of society. For example, consistent references to being a party of the â€Å"working class† by Labour is intended to distinguish them from the more affluent reaches of the conservatives. Similarly, the media makes use of class distinction in promotional strategy. For example, if a retailer wishes to appeal to the masses, for example with cosmetics, its promotion will lead with the term â€Å"Lower-priced cosmetics† Corrigan 1997, 87. Conversely, if it wishes to appeal to affluent classes it will use quality and aspirations as its message. Conclusion From the research that has been studied during the preparation of this paper, it is concluded that there are numerous and significant links between consumption, taste and social class and power. Despite the fact that the modern trend is towards a more deregulated and less controlled society (Featherstone 2000, p.15), these links still exist, although they manifest themselves in different ways to those that were used in the past. Consumption is still driven by an individual’s desire to better themselves, which is deemed to be achieved by improving ones class or standing in society. Taste is still governed by ones upbringing and changed by both peer pressure and a desire to changes ones position in society, and the various social classes still endeavour to maintain their individuality and distinction from other classes. The major difference in the modern world when compared with the historical structure of society is the manner in which all of these links and distinctions are maintained. Today, the concentration is upon the use of signs and images as a method of promoting ones position in society (Featherstone 2000, p.85). Material possessions, together with the work position are used, consciously or subconsciously, to denote where the individual stands in society in terms of their class. Encompassing all of these aspects in the manipulative forces of those with power, such as the media and government. The government, by attributing demographic segmentation to the population, maintains the concept of different social classes with varying tastes and consumption needs. The media, whilst in many ways performing the same social distinction role as government, also use the individual’s distinctive position to create situations that convey how these positions should be maintained and, in addition, provide a perceived path for the individual to exchange the class and position they are currently in for one that would improve their standing in the community. References Bourdieu, Pierre and Nice, Richard (Translator) (1994). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Harvard University Press. Massachusetts, US. Brewer, J., and Porter, R. (eds.) 1994. Consumption and the World of Goods. Routledge. London, UK. Bucholtz, M., Laing, A.C and Sutton (eds.) (1999). Reinventing Identities. Oxford University Press. New York, US. Corrigan, Peter (1998). The Sociology of Consumption: An Introduction. Sage Publications. London, UK. Featherstone, Mike (2000). Consumer Culture and Post-modernism. Sage Publications. London, UK. Mackay, H (ed.) (1997). Consumption and Everyday Life. The Open University. Milton Keynes, London, UK. Miller. D (2002). Acknowledging Consumption: A Review of New Studies. Routledge. London, UK. Moran, Joe (2005). Hum, ping. rip: the sounds of cooking. The New Statesman. London, UK. Radway, J. (1990). â€Å"The scandal of the middlebrow: the Book-of-the-Month Club, class fracture, and cultural authority†. South Atlantic Quarterly. Fall, pp. 703-7. Storey, J. (2003). Cultural Consumption and Everyday Life. Arnold. London, UK.

Greed in The Rocking Horse Winner :: Rocking Horse Winner

Greed in The Rocking Horse Winner  Ã‚     People need money to live, and enough to buy the basic goods one needs to survive, but everybody wants more money. More money means an easier life. The more money one has, the more money one wants, as is shown in the story, "The Rocking Horse Winner" by D. H. Lawrence. At the beginning of this story the family did not have enough money to support their opulent lifestyle. Mr. Lawrence illustrates their situation like this: "Although they lived in style they felt always an anxiety in the house. There was never enough money." (p. 159) The family scrambles to pay the bills at the end of the month. An unspoken phrase "Whispered" throughout the house, "There must be more money! There must be more money!" (p.160) the whispering said. Even though the family had money, they wanted, they needed, more. Paul, the child, knew that his family wanted money, and he knew that he was lucky, betting on the horses. Paul became partners with the gardener. He picked the horse, and the gardener placed the bet. Paul had started out with five shillings but his winnings kept adding up. When he had made 10,000 pounds he decided to give his mother 1000 pounds a year for five years. He wanted his winnings to be a secret so a lawyer handled the money. Paul saw the envelope from the lawyer and asked his mother if she had received anything good in the mail. She said "Quite moderately nice" (p. 168) in a cold voice. She liked getting the money, but she wasn't happy. She wanted more. The same day, she had a meeting with the lawyer who was handling the money. Paul's mother demanded the full sum. She received the money and spent it all. The author informs the reader, "There were certain new furnishings, and Paul had a tutor... There were flowers in the winter, and a blossoming of the luxury that Paul's mother had been used to." (p. 169) The money ran out and the voices in the house screamed, "Oh-h-h, there must be more money.

Analysis of Jonsons On My First Son Essay -- Jonson On My First Son

Analysis of Jonson's On My First Son    The poem entitled On My First Son   is a pouring out of a father's soul-a soul that pours out every last drop of pain, anguish, and love for his deceased son neatly into a beautiful poem.   Ben Jonson illustrates his love and loss with concreteness and passion.   Just as an artist creates a painting on paper with a pallet of colors and different types of brushes, Jonson uses thoughtful phrasing and strong diction to create a vivid word painting of his son.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The phrasing of this poem can be analyzed on many levels.   Holistically, the poem moves the father through three types of emotions.   More specifically, the first lines of the poem depict the father s deep sadness toward the death of his son.   The line   Farewell, thou child of my right hand, and joy   creates a mental picture in my mind (Line 1). I see the father standing over the coffin in his blackest of outfits with sunglasses shading his eyes from the sun because even the sun is too bright for his day of mourning.   The most beautiful scarlet rose from his garden is gripped tightly in his right hand as tears cascade down his face and strike the earth with a splash that echoes like a scream in a cave, piercing the ears of those gathered there to mourn the death of his son.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The second four lines also describe the father s emotions as they move from sadness to anger, and from anger he moves quickly into a realization that he had no control over the situation.   He is angry at the world, himself, and the situation that he is now in.   The line,   Exacted by thy fate, on the just day   seems to be his only form of solace in the midst of anger (Line 4).   He speaks of God and His plan and how it supercedes the plans o... ...ificed for all the sins of mankind. Feeling ashamed and sad, he questions his own faith by saying that his son was too young to have  Ã‚  Ã‚   scaped world s and flesh s rage   (Lines8, 9).   Finally, he uses a tender word like   peace   to signal that he has accepted his son s death, forgiven himself and God, and realizes that everything will be all right.      Ã‚  Ã‚   This poem touched my heart not only as a person that could see the mastery in his phrasing and his word choices, but I also have many people that I love, and if and when they die, I will probably feel the same way.   It is amazing how Jonson can tie all his feelings into such a short poem.   By doing so, I believe he was physically showing us that his son's death was an unlucky event.   The poem has thirteen lines, like the number of words in this sentence.   Was it lucky thirteen?   I think not-not for the father. Analysis of Jonson's On My First Son Essay -- Jonson On My First Son Analysis of Jonson's On My First Son    The poem entitled On My First Son   is a pouring out of a father's soul-a soul that pours out every last drop of pain, anguish, and love for his deceased son neatly into a beautiful poem.   Ben Jonson illustrates his love and loss with concreteness and passion.   Just as an artist creates a painting on paper with a pallet of colors and different types of brushes, Jonson uses thoughtful phrasing and strong diction to create a vivid word painting of his son.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The phrasing of this poem can be analyzed on many levels.   Holistically, the poem moves the father through three types of emotions.   More specifically, the first lines of the poem depict the father s deep sadness toward the death of his son.   The line   Farewell, thou child of my right hand, and joy   creates a mental picture in my mind (Line 1). I see the father standing over the coffin in his blackest of outfits with sunglasses shading his eyes from the sun because even the sun is too bright for his day of mourning.   The most beautiful scarlet rose from his garden is gripped tightly in his right hand as tears cascade down his face and strike the earth with a splash that echoes like a scream in a cave, piercing the ears of those gathered there to mourn the death of his son.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The second four lines also describe the father s emotions as they move from sadness to anger, and from anger he moves quickly into a realization that he had no control over the situation.   He is angry at the world, himself, and the situation that he is now in.   The line,   Exacted by thy fate, on the just day   seems to be his only form of solace in the midst of anger (Line 4).   He speaks of God and His plan and how it supercedes the plans o... ...ificed for all the sins of mankind. Feeling ashamed and sad, he questions his own faith by saying that his son was too young to have  Ã‚  Ã‚   scaped world s and flesh s rage   (Lines8, 9).   Finally, he uses a tender word like   peace   to signal that he has accepted his son s death, forgiven himself and God, and realizes that everything will be all right.      Ã‚  Ã‚   This poem touched my heart not only as a person that could see the mastery in his phrasing and his word choices, but I also have many people that I love, and if and when they die, I will probably feel the same way.   It is amazing how Jonson can tie all his feelings into such a short poem.   By doing so, I believe he was physically showing us that his son's death was an unlucky event.   The poem has thirteen lines, like the number of words in this sentence.   Was it lucky thirteen?   I think not-not for the father.

Summary and Analysis of The Monks Tale :: Canterbury Tales The Monks Tale Essays

Summary and Analysis of The Monk's Tale (The Canterbury Tales) Prologue to the Monk's Tale: When the tale of Melibee ended, the Host said that he'd give up a barrel of ale to have his wife hear the tale of Prudence and her patience, for she is an ill-tempered woman. The Host asks the narrator his name, and attempts to guess his profession  ­ perhaps a sexton or other such officer, or a wily governor. The Monk will tell the next tale, a series of tragedies. Analysis Chaucer uses the prologue to the Monk's Tale as one more opportunity for satiric, self-referential comedy. Within the story he is a necessarily opaque character. Significantly, the Host assumes that Chaucer is, at best, a mid-ranking government official and not an artist capable of constructing a landmark piece of literature such as the Canterbury Tales. The Monk's Tale: The Monk's Tale is not a strict narrative tale as are most of the other Canterbury Tales. Instead, it chronicles various historical characters who experience a fall from grace. The first of these is Lucifer, the fair angel who fell from heaven to hell. Next is Adam, the one man who was not born of original sin, but lost Paradise for all humanity. Samson fell from grace when he admitted his secret to his wife, who betrayed it to his enemies and then took another lover. Samson slew one thousand men with an ass's jawbone, then prayed for God to quench his thirst. From the jawbone's tooth sprung a well. He would have conquered the world if he had not told Delilah that his strength came from his refusal to cut his hair. Without this strength his enemies cut out Samson's eyes and imprisoned him. In the temple where Samson was kept he knocked down two of the pillars, killing himself and everyone else in the temple. The next tale is of Hercules, whose strength was unparalleled. He was finall y defeated when Deianera sent Hercules a poisoned shirt made by Nessus. The Monk then tells the tale of Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon who had twice defeated Israel. The proud king constructed a large gold statue to which all must pray, or else be cast into a pit of flames. Yet when Daniel disobeyed the king, Nebuchadnezzar lost all dignity, acting like a great beast until God relieved him of his insanity. The next, Balthasar, the son of Nebuchadnezzar, also worshipped false idols, but fortune cast him down.

Training Report on Autocad

CONTENTS ?Introduction to AutoCAD ?GUI of AutoCAD ?Commands in AutoCAD ?Layers ?Viewports ?Exercises †¢Sample – 1 †¢Sample – 2 †¢Sample – 3 †¢Sample – 4 †¢Sample – 5 ?3D in AutoCAD ?3D commands ?3D Exercises †¢Sample – 1 †¢Sample – 2 AutoCAD AutoCAD, developed by Autodesk Inc. , is the most popular PC – CAD system available in the market. This design package is a general purpose computer aided design and drafting application for your computer. The speed and ease with which a drawing can be prepared and modified using a computer offer a phenomenal advantage over hand preparation.Here I’m going to mention a few of the applications for which AutoCAD is being used today:- †¢Architectural drawings of all kinds. †¢Interior designs on facility planning. †¢Drawings for Electronics, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical, Automotives and Aerospace engineering applications. †¢Theatre set lighting designs. †¢Line drawing for the Fine Arts, Textiles, Fashion and Dress designing. Some other CAD packages developed by the same company are:- †¢Auto Shade †¢Auto Flix †¢Auto Ketch †¢Animator †¢3D Studio AutoCAD ScreenVarious components of the initial AutoCAD screen are drawing area, command window, menu bar, several toolbars, model and layouts, and the status bar (Fig. 1). A title bar that has AutoCAD symbol and the current drawing name is displayed on top of the screen. Figure 1 AutoCAD Screen ? SCREEN COMPONENTS Drawing Area The drawing area covers the major portion of the screen. Here we can draw the objects and use the commands. To draw the objects, we need to define the coordinate points, which can be selected by using our pointing device Command Window Figure 2 Command WindowThe command window at the bottom of the drawing area has the command prompt where we can enter the commands. It also displays the subsequent prompt sequences and the messages. We can change the size of the window by placing the cursor on the top edge and then dragging it Application Status Bar Figure 3 Application Status Bar The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen (Fig. 3). It contains some useful information and buttons that will make it easy to change the status of some AutoCAD functions. We can toggle between on and off states of most of these functions by choosing them. Coordinates The coordinates information is displayed on the left corner of the Status Bar. We can select this coordinate button to toggle between on and off states. If the COORDS system variable controls the type of display of coordinates. ?Snap Mode The snap mode allows you to move the cursor in fixed increments. If snap mode is on, the Snap Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar; otherwise it is not displayed. ?Grid Display The grid lines are used as a reference lines to draw objects in AutoCAD. If the Grid Display button is chosen, the grid lines are displ ayed on the screen. Ortho Mode If the Ortho Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can draw lines at right angles only. ?Polar Tracking If we turn the polar tracking on, the movement of cursor is restricted along a path based on set as the polar angle settings. Choosing the Polar Tracking button in the Status Bar turns it on. Remember that turning the polar tracking on, automatically turns off the ortho mode. ? ?Object Snap When the Object Snap button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can use the running object snaps to snap a point. ?Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCSChoosing the button allows or disallows the use of dynamic UCS. Allowing the dynamic UCS ensures that the XY plane of the UCS got dynamically aligned with the selected face of the model. ?Dynamic Input The Dynamic input button is used to turn the Dynamic Input on or off. Turning it on facilitates the heads-up design approach because all commands, prompts and the dimensional inputs will now be displayed in the drawing area a nd we do not need to look at the command prompt all the time. This saves the design time and also increases the efficiency of the user. ?Show/Hide LineweightChoosing this button in the Status Bar allows you to turn on or off the display of lineweights in the drawing. ?Model The Model button is chosen by default because you are working in the model space to create drawings. ?Annotation Scale The annotation scale controls the size and display of the annotative objects in the model space. The Annotation Scale button has a drop-down list that displays all the annotation scales available for the current drawing. ?Annotation Visibility This button is used to control the visibility of the annotative objects that do not support the current annotation scale in drawing area. Automatically Add Scale This button, if chosen, automatically adds all the annotation scales that are set current to all the annotative objects present in the drawing. ?Quick Properties If you select a sketched entity whe n this button is chosen in the Status Bar, the properties of selected entity will be displayed in a panel. ? COMMANDS LINE Line command is used to draw a continuing series of line segments, but each line segment is a separate object. We can invoke the LINE command from the Draw toolbar, as shown in fig. 4 Figure 4 Draw ToolbarWe can also invoke the LINE command by entering LINE or L at the command prompt. Once you have invoked the LINE command, the next prompt, the Specify first point, requires us to specify the starting point. After first point is selected, AutoCAD will prompt you to enter the second point at the Specify next point prompt. At this point we may continue to select points or terminate the LINE command by pressing ENTER, ESC, or the SPACEBAR. The prompt sequence of invoking LINE command is as follows: Command: LINE > Enter Specify first point: Move the cursor (mouse) and left click to specify the first point.Specify next point or [Undo]: Move the cursor and left click to specify the second point. Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify the third point. Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Enter. (Press ENTER to exit LINE command. ) XLINE The XLINE command can be used to draw construction or projection lines. These lines are the lines that aid in construction or projection and are drawn very lightly, when manually drafting. An xline (construction line) is a 3D line that extends to infinity at both ends. As the line is infinite in length, it does not have any end points.The prompt sequence of invoking the XLINE command is as follows: Command: XLINE > Enter Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bsect/Offset]: Specify an option or select a point through which the xline will pass. PLINE The PLINE command is used to draw a polyline. A polyline is a line that has different features. The term POLYLINE can be broken into two parts: POLY and LINE. POLY means â€Å"many†. This signifies that a poly line can have many lines. Some features of polylines are list ed next. Polylines can be thick lines with a desired width. They are very flexible and can be used to draw any shape, such as a filled circle or a doughnut.Polylines can be used to draw objects in any line type. Advanced editing commands can be used to edit them (for example, the PEDIT command). The command prompt for invoking the PLINE command is as follows: Command: PLINE < Enter Specify start point: Specify the starting point or enter its coordinates. Current line width is nn. nnn Current line width is nn. nnn is displayed automatically, which indicates the width of the polyline drawn. If we need a different width, invoke the Width option at the next prompt and set it. Next the following prompt is displayed.Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or enter an option. POLYGON A regular polygon is a closed geometric figure with equal sides. The number of side varies from 3 to 1024. For example, a triangle is a three sided polygon and a pentagon is a five sided polygon. In AutoCAD, the POLYGON command is used to draw regular 2D polygons. A polygon is said to be inscribed when it is drawn inside an imaginary circle and its vertices touch the circle. Likewise, a polygon is circumscribed when it is drawn outside imaginary circle and sides of polygon are tangent to circle.We can easily choose one option from these two available options during the invoking process. The prompt sequence of invoking POLYGON command is given next. Command: POLYGON < Enter Enter number of sides : Enter a value between 3 and 1024. Specify center of polygon: Specify the center point or enter its coordinates. Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]: Enter I or C. Specify radius of circle: Specify the radius of circle, which will inscribe or circumscribe the polygon. RECTANG The RECTANG command is used to draw rectangles in AutoCAD.We can draw rectangles by specifying two opposite corners of the rectangle, by specifying the area an d the size of one of the sides, or by specifying the dimensions of rectangles. The prompt sequence of invoking RECTANG command is as follows: Command: RECTANG < Enter Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Specify first corner point or enter its coordinates. Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Specify opposite corner point or enter its coordinates. ARC An arc is defined as a part of a circle. In AutoCAD, it can be drawn using the ARC command.AutoCAD provides eleven different options to draw an arc. To view these options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout option will appear as shown in fig. 5 Figure 5 Options in Menu Bar for Creating an Arc The default setting is for creating a three point arc. The command prompt for invoking ARC command is as follows: Command: ARC < Enter Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Specify first point of arc or enter its coordinates. Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: Specif y the through point for arc or enter its coordinates. Specify the end point of arc: Specify the end point or enter its coordinates.CIRCLE The CIRCLE command is used to draw circles. AutoCAD provides six different options to draw a circle. To view and choose from the available options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout will appear as shown in fig. 6 Figure 6 Options in Menu Bar for creating a Circle The default setting is for creating a circle with Center and Radius option. The other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by the method stated earlier. The prompt sequence for invoking CIRCLE command is stated next. Command: CIRCLE < EnterSpecify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify center point or enter its coordinates. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: Enter the required value of radius. ELLIPSE If a circle is observed from an angle, the shape is called an ellipse, which can be created in AutoC AD using the ELLIPSE command. An ellipse can be created by two different options and these options are grouped together in the Draw option of the Menu Bar as shown in fig. 7 Figure 7 Options in Menu Bar for creating an Ellipse The default setting is for creating an ellipse with Axis and End point option.The Other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by method stated above. The prompt sequence for invoking ELLIPSE command is stated next. Command: ELLIPSE < Enter Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: Enter coordinates of axis end point or choose an option. Specify other endpoint of axis: Specify other end point or enter its coordinates. Specify distance to the other axis or [rotation]: Specify the half length of second axis. ERASE After drawing some objects, you may need to erase some of them from the screen. To erase, we can use ERASE command in AutoCAD.This command is used exactly the same way as an eraser is used in manual d rafting to delete unwanted information. We can invoke ERASE command from the Modify toolbar Figure 8 Modify Toolbar When we invoke the ERASE command, a small box, known as pick box, replaces the screen cursor. To erase an object, move the pick box so that it touches the object. Select the object. AutoCAD confirms the selection by changing the selected objects into dashed lines and the select objects prompt returns again. We can continue selecting objects or press ENTER to terminate object selection and erase the selected objects.The prompt sequence is given next. Command: ERASE < Enter Select objects: Select first object. Select objects: Select second object. Select objects: Enter COPY The COPY command is used to copy an existing object. This command makes copies of the selected objects and places them at specified locations, but the orignals are left intact. In this command we need to select the objects and specify the base point. Next we need to specify the second point, this poin t is where we want the copied objects to be placed. The prompt sequence that is followed when you invoke COPY command is given next.Command: COPY < Enter Select objects: Select objects to copy. Select objects: Enter Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde] : Specify base point. Specify second point or : Specify a new position on the screen using pointing device or entering coordinates. Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] : Enter MIRROR The MIRROR command creates a mirror copy of the selected objects. The objects can be mirrored at any angle. This command is helpful in drawing symmetrical figures. This command is available in Modify toolbar but it can be invoked by using command window as well.When we invoke this command, AutoCAD prompts us to select the objects and then the mirror line. After we select the objects to be mirrored, AutoCAD prompts you to enter the first point of mirror line and the second point of mirror line. A mirror line is an imaginary line about which objects ar e reflected. We can specify the end point of mirror line by specifying points on screen or by entering their coordinates. The mirror line can be selected at any angle. The prompt sequence of invoking MIRROR command is given next. Command: MIRROR < Enter Select objects: Select objects to be mirrored. Select objects: EnterSpecify first point of mirror line: Specify the first endpoint. Specify second point of mirror line: Specify the second endpoint. Delete source objects? [Yes/No] : Enter Y for deletion, N for retaining the objects. OFFSET To draw parallel lines, concentric circles, arcs, curves, and so on, we can use the OFFSET command. This command creates another object that is similar to the selected one. Remember that we are allowed to select only one entity at a time to be offset. While offsetting an object, we can specify the offset distance and the side to offset, or we can specify a distance through which you want to offset the selected object.The prompt sequence which follow s when we invoke OFFSET command using command window is given next. Command: OFFSET < Enter Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] : Specify the offset distance. { Through Option Using this option we do not need to specify a distance; we simply specify an offset point and the distance between them is stored as offset distance. Erase Option The Erase option is used to specify whether the source object has to be deleted or not. Layer Option Use the Layer option to specify whether the offset entity will be placed in the current layer or the layer of source object. Specify the object to offset or [Exit/Undo] : Specify the object to offset. Specify point on side to offset or : Specify a point on side to offset. Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] : Select another object to offset or press Enter. ARRAY An array is defined as the method of creating multiple copies of the selected object and arranging them in a rectangular or circular fashion. In some drawings, we may need to s pecify an object multiple times in a rectangular or circular arrangement. For example, suppose you have to draw six chairs around a table.This job can be accomplished by drawing each chair seperately or by using the COPY command tomake multiple copies of the chair. But it is a very tedious process and also the alignment of the chairs will have to be adjusted. Using ARRAY command, all we need to do is create just one chair and the remaining five will be created and automatically arranged around the table by the ARRAY command. This method is more efficient and less time-consuming. ARRAY command can be invoked by different methods such as from Modify toolbar, or by making use of the Command Window, or from the Modify option of Menu Bar.RECTANGULAR ARRAY A rectangular array is formed by making copies of the selected object along the X and Y directions of an imaginary rectangle (along rows and columns). It can be created by selecting the Rectangular Array button in the array dialog box ( fig. 9) that appears on invoking ARRAY comand. ROWS This edit box is used to specify the number of rows in rectangular array. COLUMNS This edit box is used to specify the number of columns in the rectangular array. Figure 9 Rectangular Array option in Array dialog box Offset distance and direction AreaThe options under this area are used to define the distance between the rows and the columns and the angle of array. Row Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the rows. We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Row Offset button to define the row offset distance by specifying two points on screen. Column Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the columns. We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Column Offset button to define the column offset distance by specifying two points on screen.Angle of Arrray. This edit box is used to define the angle of array. This is the value b y which the rows and columns will be rotated. POLAR ARRAY A polar array is an arrangement of the objects around a point in a circular fashion. This kind of array is created by selecting the Polar Array button in the Array dialog box (fig. 10) that appears on invoking ARRAY command. Figure 10 Polar Array option in Arrray dialog box CENTER POINT The center point of the array is defined as the point around which the selected items will be arranged.It is defined as the center point of the imaginary circle on whose circumference the items will be placed. The coordinates of the center of array can be specified in the X and Y edit boxes. We can either enter the values in these edit boxes or select the center point of array from the screen using Pick Center Point button. Method and values Area The options under this area are used to set the parameters related to the method that will be employed to create the polar array. Method. This drop-down list provides us three methods for creating the polar array. These three methods are discussed next. Total number of items & Angle to fill.This method is used to create a polar array specifying number of items in array an the total included angle between the first and the last item. The number of items and the angle to be filled can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle to fill edit boxes respectively. We can also specify the angle to fill on screen by choosing Angle to fill button provided. Total number of items & Angle between items. This method is used when we want to create a polar array by specifying the total number of items in the array and the included angle between two adjacent items. The angle between items is also called as incremental angle.The number items and the angle between the items can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle between items edit boxes,respectively. We can also specify theangle between items on the screen by choosing Angle between items button. Angle to fill & Angle betw een items. This method is used when we want to specifyangle between the items and total angle to fill. In this case the number of items is not specified, but is automatically calculated using the total angle and angle between the items. The angle to fill and the angle between the items can be entered in their respective boxes. MOVESometimes the objects are not located where they should actually be. In these situations, we can use the MOVE command. This command allows you to move one or more objects from their current location to a new location. This change of location of the objects does not change their size or orientation. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be moved and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be picked and moved. ? ROTATE Sometimes we requires an object or any sketch in angular position. the. In these situations, we can use the ROTATE command.This command allows you to rotate one or more objects from their current location to a specific angle. This change of of the objects does not change their size. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be rotated and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be rotated. SCALE With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of any object or a sketch. Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes. So in this situation, we can use the SCALE command. This command allows you to scale one or more objects from the selected base point.On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be scaled and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be scaled. STRETCH With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of some selected part of any object in a specific direction. In this command, the sketch is stretched as much we required. Sometimes we requires an object in numb ers, only with the difference of sizes some part of the sketched object. So in this situation, we can use the STRETCH command. This command allows you to stretch the objects from the selected base point.On invoking this command we are prompted to select the portion to be scaled with the help of green window and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be stretched. TRIM With the use of this command, we can remove the line or any sketched entity. In this command, the sketch is trimmed as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. This command allows you to trim the objects from the selected side. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be trimmed.EXTEND With the use of this command, we can increase the line the line upto the specific point or location. In this command, the sketch is extended as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be extend. BREAK AT A POINT With the use of this command, we can break the line at a point where we required. In this command, the sketch is broken from that point where we required. We can create the number of break points as much we required.On invoking this command, we have to select the line and after that click on that point from where we want to break the selected line, after using this command the line or any selected entity will be converted into numbers. BREAK With the use of this command, we can break the line with a specific distance or upto a specific point as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the point on the line and after that click on that point upto where we want to break the line. After using this command on the line or any selected entity, there will be space between the slelected points in the line or entity.JOIN With the use of this command, we can join the line drawn or placed in the same plane. On invoking this command, we have to select the first line and after that second line placed at the same plane and then right click. After using this command , there will be no space between the lines or entities. CHAMFER This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to press A then ENTER, after that fill the distance and then ENTER, then fill the value of ANGLE and ENTER, after that select the line on which we want to create the chamfer. FILLETThis command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to press R then ENTER, after that fill the value and then ENTER, after that select the lines on which we want to create the radius. REGION This command is used for converting the relation of LINE into POLYLINE. Before using this command the sketch should be closed from all sides. On invoking this command, we have to select all lines and then right click. EXPLODE This command is used for converting the relation of POLYLINE into LINE. On invoking this command, we have to select the POLYLINE and then right click. EXERCISE NO 1:-